Combating Product Review Spam Campaigns via Multiple Heterogeneous Pairwise Features
Abstract
Spam campaigns spotted in popular product review websites (e.g., amazon.com) have attracted mounting attention from both industry and academia, where a group of online posters are hired to collaboratively craft deceptive reviews for some target products. The goal is to manipulate perceived reputations of the targets for their best interests. Many efforts have been made to detect such colluders by extracting pointwise features from individual reviewers/reviewer-groups, however, pairwise features which can potentially capture the underlying correlations among colluders are either ignored or just explored insufficiently in the literature. We observed that pairwise features can be more robust to model the relationships among colluders since they, as the ingredients of spam campaigns, are correlated in nature. In this paper, we explore multiple heterogeneous pairwise features in virtue of some collusion signals found in reviewers' rating behaviors and linguistic patterns. In addition, an unsupervised and intuitive colluder detecting framework has been proposed which can benefit from these pairwise features. Extensive experiments on real dataset show the effectiveness of our method and satisfactory superiority over several competitors.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Identifying organic ASO activities is an open problem due to the ability of such workers to evade existing detection solutions.
“Identifying organic ASO activities is an open problem due to the ability of such workers to evade existing detection solutions, e.g., that leverage lockstep behaviors [32, 43, 51, 72, 73, 78, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93] or review bursts [27, 28, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50-53, 53, 5759, 65, 66, 84, 87, 88, 92].”
From RacketStore (2021) · cites this paper as [89]
The study used GDPR-recommended pseudonymisation and deleted all device-to-identity links after data collection.
“We used GDPR [70] recommended pseudonymisation for data processing and statistics, and other generally accepted good practices for privacy preservation.After data collection, we have deleted all device-to-identity links and only generated statistics that allowed us to validate our assumptions.”
From The Art and Craft of Fraudulent App Promotion in Google Play (2019) · cites this paper as [70]
Cites
(1999) · Cited by 12,854 · see citing works
On Estimation of a Probability Density Function and Mode
Parzen, E. (1962) · The Annals of Mathematical Statistics · doi:10.1214/aoms/1177704472 · Cited by 10,715 · see citing works
A Comparative Study on Feature Selection in Text Categorization
Yang, Y., & Pedersen, J. (1997) · Cited by 4,749 · see citing works
Optimizing search engines using clickthrough data
Joachims, T. (2002) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/775047.775067 · Cited by 3,921 · see citing works
Jindal, N., & Liu, B. (2008) · Proceedings of the international conference on Web search and web data mining - WSDM '08 · doi:10.1145/1341531.1341560 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works
Fake It Till You Make It: Reputation, Competition, and Yelp Review Fraud
Luca, M., & Zervas, G. (2016) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2304 · Cited by 1,263 · see citing works
Finding Deceptive Opinion Spam by Any Stretch of the Imagination
Ott, M., Choi, Y., Cardie, C., & Hancock, J. T. (2011) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1107.4557 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Spotting fake reviewer groups in consumer reviews
Mukherjee, A., Liu, B., & Glance, N. (2012) · Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web · doi:10.1145/2187836.2187863 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Detecting product review spammers using rating behaviors
Lim, E., Nguyen, V.-A., Jindal, N., Liu, B., & Lauw, H. W. (2010) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/1871437.1871557 · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Spotting opinion spammers using behavioral footprints
Mukherjee, A., Kumar, A., Liu, B., Wang, J., Hsu, M., Castellanos, M., & Ghosh, R. (2013) · Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining · doi:10.1145/2487575.2487580 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Review spam detection via temporal pattern discovery
Xie, S., Wang, G., Lin, S., & Yu, P. S. (2012) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/2339530.2339662 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Opinion Fraud Detection in Online Reviews by Network Effects
Akoglu, L., Chandy, R., & Faloutsos, C. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14380 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Learning to identify review spam
Li, F., Huang, M., Yang, Y., & Zhu, X. (2011) · doi:10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/ijcai11-414 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Exploiting Burstiness in Reviews for Review Spammer Detection
Fei, G., Mukherjee, A., Liu, B., Hsu, M., Castellanos, M., & Ghosh, R. (2021) · Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media · doi:10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14400 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Identify Online Store Review Spammers via Social Review Graph
Wang, G., Xie, S., Liu, B., & Yu, P. S. (2012) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/2337542.2337546 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Battling the internet water army
Chen, C., Wu, K., Srinivasan, V., & Zhang, X. (2013) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM) · doi:10.1145/2492517.2492637 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Uncovering collusive spammers in Chinese review websites
Xu, C., Zhang, J., Chang, K., & Long, C. (2013) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/2505515.2505700 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 18 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
NetSpam: A Network-Based Spam Detection Framework for Reviews in Online Social Media
Shehnepoor, S., Salehi, M., Farahbakhsh, R., & Crespi, N. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2017.2675361 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Graph-based review spammer group detection
Wang, Z., Gu, S., Zhao, X., & Xu, X. (2017) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-017-1068-7 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Discovering Opinion Spammer Groups by Network Footprints
Ye, J., & Akoglu, L. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23528-8_17 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Discovering Opinion Spammer Groups by Network Footprints
Ye, J., & Akoglu, L. (2015) · Proceedings of the 2015 ACM on Conference on Online Social Networks · doi:10.1145/2817946.2820606 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Label propagation-based approach for detecting review spammer groups on e-commerce websites
Zhang, F., Hao, X., Chao, J., & Yuan, S. (2020) · Knowledge-Based Systems · doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2020.105520 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Opinion Spam Detection in Online Reviews
Rastogi, A., & Mehrotra, M. (2017) · Journal of Information & Knowledge Management · doi:10.1142/s0219649217500368 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Identifying Groups of Fake Reviewers Using a Semisupervised Approach
Rathore, P., Soni, J., Prabakar, N., Palaniswami, M. S., & Santi, P. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems · doi:10.1109/tcss.2021.3085406 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Toward Detecting Collusive Ranking Manipulation Attackers in Mobile App Markets
Chen, H., He, D., Zhu, S., & Yang, J. (2017) · ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) · doi:10.1145/3052973.3053022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Collusion-aware detection of review spammers in location based social networks
Cao, J., Xia, R., Guo, Y., & Ma, Z. (2018) · World Wide Web · doi:10.1007/s11280-018-0614-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A comprehensive survey of various methods in opinion spam detection
Mewada, A., & Dewang, R. K. (2022) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-022-13702-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
ScoreGAN: A Fraud Review Detector Based on Regulated GAN With Data Augmentation
Shehnepoor, S., Togneri, R. B., Liu, W., & Bennamoun, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2021.3139771 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Art and Craft of Fraudulent App Promotion in Google Play
Rahman, M., Hernandez, N., Recabarren, R., Ahmed, S. I., & Carbunar, B. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security · doi:10.1145/3319535.3345658 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Characteristic based spam detection system to reveal the mock appraise in online social media
Sirija, M., Jayashankari, Kalpana, R., Umamaheswari, B., & Shanthakumari, A. (2022) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0074501 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
User-based network embedding for opinion spammer detection
Wang, Z., Wei, W., Mao, X.-L., Guo, G., Zhou, P., & Jiang, S. (2021) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2021.108512 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Network Embedding-Based Approach for Detecting Collusive Spamming Groups on E-Commerce Platforms
Chao, J., Zhao, C., & Zhang, F. (2022) · Security and Communication Networks · doi:10.1155/2022/4354086 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Improved Fake Reviews Detection Model Based on Vertical Ensemble Tri-Training and Active Learning
Yin, C., Cuan, H., Zhu, Y., & Yin, Z. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3450285 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Identifying Singleton Spammers via Spammer Group Detection
Kumar, D., Shaalan, Y., Zhang, X., & Chan, J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93034-3_52 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
SPGD_HIN: Spammer Group Detection based on Heterogeneous Information Network
Bitarafan, A., & Dadkhah, C. (2019) · International Conference on Web Research (ICWR) · doi:10.1109/icwr.2019.8765274 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Identification of perceptive users based on the graph convolutional network
Guo, Q., Luo, Y. M., Ou, Y., Liu, M., & Liu, J.-G. (2024) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125844 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Co-attention Based Feature Fusion Network for Spam Review Detection on Douban
Cai, H., Yu, K., Zhou, Y., & Wu, X. (2022) · Neural Processing Letters · doi:10.1007/s11063-022-10859-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Interpretable and effective opinion spam detection via temporal patterns mining across websites
Yuan, Y., Xie, S., Lu, C.-T., Tang, J., & Yu, P. S. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2016.7840593 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Peng, J., Wang, Y., & Meng, Y. (2023) · Journal of theoretical and applied electronic commerce research · doi:10.3390/jtaer18010006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shehnepoor, S., Togneri, R. B., Liu, W., & Bennamoun, M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2006.06561 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Online Products Fake Reviews Detection System Using Machine Learning
Vachane, E. A. D. (2021) · Türk bilgisayar ve matematik eğitimi dergisi · doi:10.17762/turcomat.v12i1s.1548 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Product Recommendation System: A Systematic Literature Review
Kinkar, K. K. (2021) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2021.37024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hernandez, N., Recabarren, R., Carbunar, B., & Ahmed, S. I. (2021) · Proceedings of the 21st ACM Internet Measurement Conference · doi:10.1145/3487552.3487837 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“, that leverage lockstep behaviors [32, 43, 51, 72, 73, 78, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93] or review bursts [27, 28, 35, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 50–53, 53, 57–”
A Survey on Spam Review Detection and Recommendation of Superior Results in Netspam Framework
Pawade, R., & Gupta, P. (2019) · International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) · doi:10.1109/icicict46008.2019.8993340 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Social Fraud Detection Review: Methods, Challenges and AnalysisPreprint
Shehnepoor, S., Togneri, R. B., Liu, W., & Bennamoun, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2111.05645 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-supervised deep clustering for spammer group detection
Wang, C., Feng, Z.-K., Zhang, K., & Zhang, F. (2025) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06675-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gopal, L. (2019) · INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY · doi:10.17762/itii.v7i2.802
Spam Detection using Sentiment Analysis of Text
Vignesh, N. (2019) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2019.3413 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Survey on Spam Filtering Using Netspam Framework
Solanke, K., & Kulkarni, M. (2019) · International Conference on Recent Advances in Energy-efficient Computing and Communication (ICRAECC) · doi:10.1109/icraecc43874.2019.8995147 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Towards characterization and detection of collusive reputation fraud in crowdsourced opinions
Xu, C. L. (2017) · doi:10.32657/10356/69708
Self-citationSpammer Community Used for Spam Detection in Online Social Media Reviews
Arun., K. (2018) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2018.4313
Netspam: An Efficient Approach to Prevent Spam Messages using Support Vector Machine
Kiran, P. S., Chowdary, K. P., & Kumar, T. T. V. R. K. V. (2018) · International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development · doi:10.31142/ijtsrd11419
Spam Recognition in Social Media Based on Reviews
Rajesh, S. R., & Babu, P. P. (2018) · International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science Engineering and Information Technology · doi:10.32628/cseit184119
An Efficient Network-Based Spam Detection Structure for Reviews In Online Social Media
Guttikonda, P., & Priyanka, T. (2018) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.21733675
Search Rank Fraud Prevention in Online Systems
Rahman, M. M. (2018) · doi:10.25148/etd.fidc006998
User-based Network Embedding for Collective Opinion Spammer DetectionPreprint
Wang, Z., Wei, W., Mao, X.-L., Guo, G., Zhou, P., & Feng, S. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.07783
PLEXUS SPAM UNMASKING SCHEMA SCRUTINY IN SOCIAL WEB
Kumara, S. U. S. (2018) · Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research
Survey on Spam Review Detection Using Spam Filtering Algorithms
Dand Shweta, B. (2021) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2021.36333
Spam analysis and detection on microblog
Sedhai, S. (2017) · doi:10.32657/10356/69594
Opinion Spamming: Fake Consumer Review Detection
Bisht, A. S., Tripathi, M. M., & Ahmad, F. (2022) · Algorithms for intelligent systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8225-4_24
Fake Research Detection using Weighting Algorithm in Netspam Framework
(2019) · International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) · doi:10.35940/ijrte.b1136.0982s1119
Fraud Apps Detection Using Sentiment Analysis and Spam Filtering
Vanjari, P. S. P., Rekhawar, P., Shinde, K., Shinde, S., & Shelke, P. (2023) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2023.49724
DETECTION OF SPAM REVIEWS IN WEBSITES USING NET SPAM ALGORITHM
Sowmya, D. (2023) · International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.33564/ijeast.2023.v07i11.008
Survey on Fraud App Detection Using Sentimental Analysis and Machine Learning
Bankar, J. (2024) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2024.58521
Alsaad, M. M. B., & Joshi, H. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-3725-6_33
Spammer group detection based on cascading and clustering of core figures
Jiang, Q., Zhang, C., Li, N., Chiu, D. K. W., Fang, X., & Ji, S. (2025) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.1186/s42400-024-00313-w
- Authors
- Xu, C., & Zhang, J.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2015 SIAM International Conference on Data Mining
- Published
- 2015-06-30
- Pages
- 172-180
- OpenAlex
- W2401089081
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 5.50
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Earth Sciences
- Ministry of Education, India
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Spam and Phishing Detection
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- heterogeneous features, deceptive reviews, linguistic patterns, unsupervised detection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review