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Early Wisconsinan (MIS 4) glaciation on Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, and implications for biological refugia

Mathewes, Rolf W., Lian, Olav B., Clague, John J., Huntley, Matthew J.W.·2015·Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
DOI 10.1139/cjes-2015-0041
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Abstract

Sea cliffs at Cape Ball on Graham Island, British Columbia, expose a thick sequence of Pleistocene sediments deposited during at least two glaciations. In sequence, from the base of the section, the units are (1) stony mud, (2) till, (3) silt, sand, and peat, (4) stony mud, (5) laminated sand and silt, (6) cross-bedded sand, and (7) till. Of special interest is unit 4, a massive to weakly stratified mud containing scattered stones that was deposited during the penultimate Pleistocene glaciation (marine isotope stage (MIS) 4). This unit contains wood and marine shell fragments that have yielded non-finite radiocarbon ages. Sand and silt with thin stringers of peat (unit 3) directly underlie this stony mud, and returned an optical age of 57.3 ± 5.7 ka. The stony mud is unconformably overlain by ponded sediments (unit 5) and advance outwash (unit 6) and till (unit 7) deposited during the Fraser Glaciation (MIS 2). The optically dated unit and a correlative peat and silty sand unit at a nearby exposure have pollen spectra with almost 100% non-arboreal pollen. Very low values of tree pollen, coupled with high frequencies of sedges, grasses, composites, Ericales, and the arctic−alpine indicator Koenigia islandica, indicate tundra vegetation and a cold climate. Abundant coprophilous Sporormiella (69%–91%) and Sordaria type (14%–47%) fungal spores in the peat samples indicate the former presence of grazing mammals at Cape Ball during MIS 4. During the MIS 3 interstade, subalpine forest existed at low elevations on Graham Island, providing environments suitable for the development of genetically distinct bird and mammal populations that survived in lowland refugia during the Fraser Glaciation.

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  • Fossil evidence for deglacial refugia from these islands, as well as Haida Gwaii and Vancouver Island, add to the story of an early habitable coastal route, likely before an interior route became viable.

    “Fossil evidence for deglacial refugia from these islands, as well as Haida Gwaii (Mathewes et al., 2015) and Vancouver Island (Al-Suwaidi et al., 2006;Ward et al., 2003) add to the story of an early habitable coastal route, likely before an interior route became viable.”

    From Retreat of the Western Cordilleran Ice Sheet Margin During the Last Deglaciation (2018) · cites this paper as Mathewes et al., 2015

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Metadata

Authors
Mathewes, R. W., Lian, O. B., Clague, J. J., & Huntley, M. J. W.
Affiliations
  • Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
  • Department of Geography and the Environment, University of the Fraser Valley, 33844 King Road, Abbotsford, BC V2S 7M8, Canada.
  • Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
Venue
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
Publisher
Canadian Science Publishing
Published
2015-11
Volume
52
Issue
11
Pages
939-951
ISSN
  • 0008-4077
  • 1480-3313
DOI
10.1139/cjes-2015-0041
Cited by
21
References
0
Language
en
Licence
www.nrcresearchpress.com/page/about/CorporateTextAndDataMining (tdm)

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