Functional electrical stimulation using microstimulators to correct foot drop: a case study
Abstract
This paper presents a case study that tested the feasibility and efficacy of using injectable microstimulators (BIONs) in a functional electrical stimulation (FES) device to correct foot drop. Compared with surface stimulation of the common peroneal nerve, stimulation with BIONs provides more selective activation of specific muscles. For example, stimulation of the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles with BIONs produces ankle flexion without excessive inversion or eversion of the foot (i.e., balanced flexion). Efficacy was assessed using a 3-dimensional motion analysis of the ankle and foot trajectories during walking with and without stimulation. Without stimulation, the toe on the affected leg drags across the ground. BION stimulation of the TA muscle and deep peroneal nerve (which innervates TA and EDL) elevates the foot such that the toe clears the ground by 3 cm, which is equivalent to the toe clearance in the less affected leg. The physiological cost index (PCI) measured effort during walking. The PCI equals the change in heart rate (from rest to activity) divided by the walking speed; units are beats per metre. The PCI is high without stimulation (2.29 +/- 0.37, mean +/- SD) and greatly reduced with surface (1.29 +/- 0.10) and BIONic stimulation (1.46 +/- 0.24). Also, walking speed increased from 9.4 +/- 0.4 m/min without stimulation to 19.6 +/- 2.0 m/min with surface and 17.8 +/- 0.7 m/min with BIONic stimulation. These results suggest t…
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BIONs have been reported to be useful in a functional electrical stimulation system for correcting foot drop.
“Recently, the BIONs were reported to be useful in a FES system to correct foot drop.”
From A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems (2005) · cites this paper as Weber et al., 2004
Compared with surface stimulation of the common peroneal nerve, BION stimulation gave more selective activation of specific muscles such as tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus.
“Compared with surface stimulation of the common peroneal nerve, stimulation with BIONs provided more selective activation of specific muscles such as tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus (Weber et al., 2004) .”
From A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems (2005) · cites this paper as Weber et al., 2004
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References 41 · Cited by 44
- Authors
- Weber, D. J., Stein, R. B., Chan, K. M., Loeb, G. E., Richmond, F. J. R., Rolf, R., James, K., Chong, S. L., Thompson, A. K., & Misiaszek, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 2004-07-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 8-9
- Pages
- 784-792
- ISSN
- 0008-4212 (ISSN-L)
- 1205-7541
- OpenAlex
- W2147273423
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB002094)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- functional electrical stimulation, foot drop, peroneal nerve stimulation, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, ankle flexion, toe clearance, walking speed, physiological cost index, walking effort, gait
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Male, Microelectrodes, Case-Control Studies, Gait Disorders, Neurologic
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