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Expressing thought: improving robot readability with animation principles
Abstract
The animation techniques of anticipation and reaction can help create robot behaviors that are human readable such that people can figure out what the robot is doing, reasonably predict what the robot will do next, and ultimately interact with the robot in an effective way. By showing forethought before action and expressing a reaction to the task outcome (success or failure), we prototyped a set of human-robot interaction behaviors. In a 2 (forethought vs. none: between) x 2 (reaction to outcome vs. none: between) x 2 (success vs. failure task outcome: within) experiment, we tested the influences of forethought and reaction upon people's perceptions of the robot and the robot's readability. In this online video prototype experiment (N=273), we have found support for the hypothesis that perceptions of robots are influenced by robots showing forethought, the task outcome (success or failure), and showing goal-oriented reactions to those task outcomes. Implications for theory and design are discussed.
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The paper states that robot failures can be detected through changes in behavior or posture, changes in physicality, or changes in the user's behavior.
“While some robot failures can be detected through changes in the robot's behavior or posture (e.g., Takayama et al., 2011; Kwon et al., 2018), changes in the robot's physicality (e.g., a wheel falling off), or changes in the user's behavior (see section Act), other issues (e.g., missing data) produce no obvious symptoms.”
From Understanding and Resolving Failures in Human-Robot Interaction: Literature Review and Model Development (2018) · cites this paper as Takayama et al., 2011
Failures reduce robots' perceived intelligence.
“Failures reduce robots' perceived sincerity (Gompei and Umemuro, 2015), competence (Cha et al., 2015; Salem et al., 2015; Ragni et al., 2016), reliability (Salem et al., 2015; Ragni et al., 2016), understandability (Salem et al., 2015), trustworthiness (De Visser and Parasuraman, 2011; Desai et al., 2013; Salem et al., 2015; Law et al., 2017), intelligence (Takayama et al., 2011; Bajones et al., 2”
From Understanding and Resolving Failures in Human-Robot Interaction: Literature Review and Model Development (2018) · cites this paper as Takayama et al., 2011
Showing a goal-oriented reaction to a task outcome made the robot appear smarter than when it did not react, regardless of whether the robot succeeded or failed in the task.
“showing a goal-oriented reaction to a task outcome (i.e., disappointment in response to failure and happiness in response to success) made the robot appear smarter than when it did not react, regardless of whether the robot succeeded or failed in the task.”
From Understanding and Resolving Failures in Human-Robot Interaction: Literature Review and Model Development (2018) · cites this paper as Takayama et al., 2011
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Metadata
- Authors
- Takayama, L., Dooley, D., & Ju, W.
- Affiliations
- Willow Garage, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Pixar Animation Studios, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2011-03-06
- Pages
- 69-76
- OpenAlex
- W2016721335
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 23.10
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Keywords
- robot animation, human-robot interaction, robot behavior design, goal-directed behavior, human perception of robots
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