CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,736Information Systems Theories and ImplementationTechnology Adoption and User BehaviourInnovative Human-Technology Interaction

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 90 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Technological frames: making sense of information technology in organizations

Open access
Orlikowski, Wanda J., Gash, Debra C.·1994·ACM Transactions on Information Systems
DOI 10.1145/196734.196745
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In this article, we build on and extend research into the cognitions and values of users and designers by proposing a systematic approach for examining the underlying assumptions, expectations, and knowledge that people have about technology. Such interpretations of technology (which we call technological frames) are central to understanding technological development, use, and change in organizations. We suggest that where the technological frames of key groups in organizations—such as managers, technologists, and users— are significantly different, difficulties and conflict around the development, use, and change of technology may result. We use the findings of an empirical study to illustrate how the nature, value, and use of a groupware technology were interpreted by various organizational stakeholders, resulting in outcomes that deviated from those expected. We argue that technological frames offer an interesting and useful analytic perspective for explaining an anticipating actions and meanings that are not easily obtained with other theoretical lenses.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1145/196734.196745

Cites

90 of 90 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 96 references

Research works printed but not linked: 35

  1. AGAR , M. H. 1980. The Professwnal Stranger: An In{brmal Introductzon to Ethnography . Academic Press , New York . AGAR, M. H. 1980. The Professwnal Stranger: An In{brmal Introductzon to Ethnography. Academic Press, New York.
  2. BARTLETT , F. 1932 . Remembemng: A Study ~n Experimental and Soczal Psychology . Cambridge University Press , London . BARTLETT, F. 1932. Remembemng: A Study ~n Experimental and Soczal Psychology. Cambridge University Press, London.
  3. BERGER , P. L. AND LUCI~ANN , T. 1967. The Social Constructton of Reahty . Anchor Books , New York . BERGER, P. L. AND LUCI~ANN, T. 1967. The Social Constructton of Reahty. Anchor Books, New York.
  4. BIJKER , W. , HUCHES , T. , AND P~NCH , T. , EDS. 1987. The Soctal Construction of Technologzcal Systems . MIT Press , Cambridge, Mass . BIJKER, W., HUCHES, T., AND P~NCH, T., EDS. 1987. The Soctal Construction of Technologzcal Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  5. BOLMAN , L. G. AND DEAL , T. E 1991 . Reframtng Orgamzatwns : Arttstry, Choice, and Leadership. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif. BOLMAN, L. G. AND DEAL, T. E 1991. Reframtng Orgamzatwns: Arttstry, Choice, and Leadership. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif.
  6. CALDER , B. AND SCHURR , P. 1981 . Attitudinal processes in organizations . Res. Org. Behav. 3 , 283 - 302 . CALDER, B. AND SCHURR, P. 1981. Attitudinal processes in organizations. Res. Org. Behav. 3, 283-302.
  7. CICOUREL , A. 1974. Cognitive Sociology. Free Press , New York . CICOUREL, A. 1974. Cognitive Sociology. Free Press, New York.
  8. DAFT , R. L. AND WEICK , K.E. 1984 . Towards a model of organizations as interpretive systems . Acad. Manag. Rev. 9 , 2, 284 295. DAFT, R. L. AND WEICK, K.E. 1984. Towards a model of organizations as interpretive systems. Acad. Manag. Rev. 9, 2, 284 295. · DOI
  9. DEJE~ , D. AND DBJE~ , S.B. 1991. Lotus Notes at Work . Lotus Books , New York . DEJE~, D. AND DBJE~, S.B. 1991. Lotus Notes at Work. Lotus Books, New York.
  10. DIMAGG~O , P. J. AN n PO WELL , W. W. 1991. Introduction . In The New Inst~tutional~sm in Organizatwnal Analysis . The University of Chicago Press , Chicago, Ill ., 1-34. DIMAGG~O, P. J. ANn POWELL, W. W. 1991. Introduction. In The New Inst~tutional~sm in Organizatwnal Analysis. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Ill., 1-34.
  11. FINNEY , M. AND MITROFF , I.I. 1986 . Strategic plan failures: The organization as its own worst enemy. In The Thinking Organization. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco , Calif. , 317 - 335 . FINNEY, M. AND MITROFF, I.I. 1986. Strategic plan failures: The organization as its own worst enemy. In The Thinking Organization. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif., 317-335.
  12. GIO~A , D.A. 1986 . Symbols, scripts, and sensemaking: Creating meaning in the organizational experience. In The Th~nking Organization. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco , Calif. , 49 74 . GIO~A, D.A. 1986. Symbols, scripts, and sensemaking: Creating meaning in the organizational experience. In The Th~nking Organization. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif., 49 74.
  13. GI o IA, D . A. AND SIMS , H. R. , JR. 1986 . Introduction: Social cognition in organizations. In The Thinking Organization. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco , Calif. , i 19 . GIoIA, D. A. AND SIMS, H. R., JR. 1986. Introduction: Social cognition in organizations. In The Thinking Organization. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif., i 19.
  14. GOFFMAN , I. 1974. Frame Analysis . Harper & amp; Row, New York. GOFFMAN, I. 1974. Frame Analysis. Harper & Row, New York.
  15. GRUDIN , J. 1988 . Why gToupware applications fail: Problems in design and evaluation . Off. Tech. People 4 , 3 , 245 - 264 . GRUDIN, J. 1988. Why gToupware applications fail: Problems in design and evaluation. Off. Tech. People 4, 3, 245-264.
  16. HEDBERG , B. , NYSTROM , P. , AND STARRUCK , W. 1977 . Designing organizations to match tomorrow . TIMS Stud. Manage. Sci. 5 , 2 , 171 - 181 . HEDBERG, B., NYSTROM, P., AND STARRUCK, W. 1977. Designing organizations to match tomorrow. TIMS Stud. Manage. Sci. 5, 2, 171-181.
  17. KRUEGER , R.A. 1988 . Focus Groups: A Practzcal Guide for Apphed Research . Sage Publications, Newbury Park , Calif . KRUEGER, R.A. 1988. Focus Groups: A Practzcal Guide for Apphed Research. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, Calif.
  18. LAWRENCE , P. R. AND LORSCH , J.W. 1967. Organlzatlon and Envtronment. Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Mass . LAWRENCE, P. R. AND LORSCH, J.W. 1967. Organlzatlon and Envtronment. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
  19. MARCH , J. G. AND SIMON , H. 1958. Organizations. John Wiley and Sons , New York . MARCH, J. G. AND SIMON, H. 1958. Organizations. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
  20. MARKUS , M.L. 1984. Systems m Organtzatlons: Bugs and Features . Pitman , Boston, Mass . MARKUS, M.L. 1984. Systems m Organtzatlons: Bugs and Features. Pitman, Boston, Mass.
  21. MARSHAK , D.S. 1990 . Lotus Notes' A platform for developing workgroup applications . Patmcia Seybold's Of/: Comput. Rep. 13 , 7 . MARSHAK, D.S. 1990. Lotus Notes' A platform for developing workgroup applications. Patmcia Seybold's Of/: Comput. Rep. 13, 7.
  22. MILES , M. B. AND HUBERMAN , A. M. 1984. Qual~tatwe Data Analys~s: A Sourcebook of New Methods , Sage Publications, Newbury Park , Calif . MILES, M. B. AND HUBERMAN, A. M. 1984. Qual~tatwe Data Analys~s: A Sourcebook of New Methods, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, Calif.
  23. MOTH , M. AND BARTUNE r:, J. 1990. Creating Alternatwe Reahtles at Work: The Quality of Work Lzfe Experiment at Food Corn . Harper Business , New York . MOTH, M. AND BARTUNEr:, J. 1990. Creating Alternatwe Reahtles at Work: The Quality of Work Lzfe Experiment at Food Corn. Harper Business, New York.
  24. NEISSER , U. 1976. Cognztion and Reality: Prmmples and Irnphcatmns of Cognztzve Psychology W . H. Freeman and Co. , San Francisco , Calif. NEISSER, U. 1976. Cognztion and Reality: Prmmples and Irnphcatmns of Cognztzve Psychology W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif.
  25. NOBLE , D. 1986. Forces of Production: A Soczal History of Industrial Automatmn . Oxford University Press , New York . NOBLE, D. 1986. Forces of Production: A Soczal History of Industrial Automatmn. Oxford University Press, New York.
  26. ODELL , L. , Gosw^lm, D., AND HERRINC~TON , A. 1983 . The discourse-based interview: A procedure for exploring tacit knowledge of writers in nonacademic settings. In Research on Writing: Princzples and Methods Longman , New York , 220 236 . ODELL, L., Gosw^lm, D., AND HERRINC~TON, A. 1983. The discourse-based interview: A procedure for exploring tacit knowledge of writers in nonacademic settings. In Research on Writing: Princzples and Methods Longman, New York, 220 236.
  27. ORLIKOWSKI , W.J. 1988 . The data processing occupation: Professionalization or proletarianization . Res. Soc. Work 4 , 95 - 124 . ORLIKOWSKI, W.J. 1988. The data processing occupation: Professionalization or proletarianization. Res. Soc. Work 4, 95-124.
  28. PFA rFENBE RGER , B. 1988. M~crocomputer Apphcations in Qualitative Research . Sage Publications, Newbury Park , Calif . PFArFENBERGER, B. 1988. M~crocomputer Apphcations in Qualitative Research. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, Calif.
  29. SHIBUTANI , T. 1962 . Reference groups and social control. In Human Behavior and Social Processes. Houghton Mifflin, Boston , Mass. , 128 - 147 . SHIBUTANI, T. 1962. Reference groups and social control. In Human Behavior and Social Processes. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, Mass., 128-147.
  30. STARBUCK , W.H. 1989 . Why organizations run into crises., and sometimes survive them. In Information Technology and Management Strategy. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs , N.J. , 11 - 33 . STARBUCK, W.H. 1989. Why organizations run into crises., and sometimes survive them. In Information Technology and Management Strategy. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 11-33.
  31. VAN MAANEN , J. 1984. Doing new things in old ways: The chains of socialization . In College and University Organization. New York University Press , New York, 211-247. VAN MAANEN, J. 1984. Doing new things in old ways: The chains of socialization. In College and University Organization. New York University Press, New York, 211-247.
  32. VAN MAANEN , J. AND BARLEY , S. 1985 . Organizational culture: Fragments of a theory. In Organizational Culture. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills , Calif. , 31 - 53 . VAN MAANEN, J. AND BARLEY, S. 1985. Organizational culture: Fragments of a theory. In Organizational Culture. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, Calif., 31-53.
  33. WE~CK , K.E. 1979 b. Cognitive processes in organizations . Res. Org. Behav. 1 , 1 , 41 - 74 . WE~CK, K.E. 1979b. Cognitive processes in organizations. Res. Org. Behav. 1, 1, 41-74.
  34. WEICK , K. E. AN n BO UGON , M. G. 1986 . Organizations as cognitive maps: Charting ways to success and failure. In The Thinking Organizatwn. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco , Calif. , 102 - 135 . WEICK, K. E. ANn BOUGON, M.G. 1986. Organizations as cognitive maps: Charting ways to success and failure. In The Thinking Organizatwn. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, Calif., 102-135.
  35. WITTGENSTEIN L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Macmillan Press New York. WITTGENSTEIN L. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. Macmillan Press New York.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 1,001–1,002 of 1,002

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Orlikowski, W. J., & Gash, D. C.
Affiliations
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (US)
ORCID
Orlikowski, Wanda J.
Venue
ACM Transactions on Information Systems
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Published
1994-04
Volume
12
Issue
2
Pages
174-207
ISSN
  • 1046-8188 (ISSN-L)
  • 1558-2868
DOI
10.1145/196734.196745
OpenAlex
W2127089424
Cited by
1,736
References
96
Citations by year
2026: 58 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 63 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 73
FWCI
71.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.acm.org/publications/policies/copyright_policy#Background (vor)
Locations
ACM Transactions on Information Systems (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
Keywords
technological frames, technology value, organizational stakeholders, groupware, technology adoption, stakeholder conflict

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review