Phrases that signal workplace hierarchy
Abstract
Hierarchy fundamentally shapes how we act at work. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the words people write in workplace email and the rank of the email's recipient. Using the Enron corpus as a dataset, we perform a close study of the words and phrases people send to those above them in the corporate hierarchy versus those at the same level or lower. We find that certain words and phrases are strong predictors. For example, "thought you would" strongly suggests that the recipient outranks the sender, while "let's discuss" implies the opposite. We also find that the phrases people write to their bosses do not demonstrate cognitive processes as often as the ones they write to others. We conclude this paper by interpreting our results and announcing the release of the predictive phrases as a public dataset, perhaps enabling a new class of status-aware applications.
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Gilbert finds words and phrases that distinguish communication up or down a power-hierarchy across 2044 Enron emails.
“Lastly, Gilbert finds words and phrases that distinguish communication up or down a power-hierarchy across 2044 Enron emails [45].”
From Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach (2013) · cites this paper as [45]
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- Authors
- Gilbert, E.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Venue
- Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2012-02-11
- Pages
- 1037-1046
- OpenAlex
- W1965115311
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.64
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Digital Communication and Language
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Authorship Attribution and Profiling
- Keywords
- workplace hierarchy, Enron corpus, workplace communication, cognitive processes in writing
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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