The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Formal methods: state of the art and future directions
Open accessAbstract
this report assesses the state of the art in specification and verification. For verification, we highlight advances in model checking and theorem proving. In the three sections on specification, model checking, and theorem proving, we explain what we mean by the general technique and briefly describe some successful case studies and well-known tools. The second part of this report outlines future directions in fundamental concepts, new methods and tools, integration of methods, and education and technology transfer. We close with summary remarks and pointers to resources for more information
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Dynamically discovering likely program invariants to support program evolution
Ernst, M. D., Cockrell, J., Griswold, W. G., & Notkin, D. (2001) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/32.908957 · Cited by 1,050
Trustworthy AI: From Principles to Practices
Li, B., Qi, P., Liu, B., Di, S., Liu, J., Pei, J., Yi, J., & Zhou, B. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3555803 · Cited by 612
“It is also worth noting the recent trend of the intersection of certiied robustness and the perspective of formal veriication, which aims at developing rigorous mathematical speciication and techniques of veriication for assurances of software correctness [83].”
BackgroundSynthesis of behavioral models from scenarios
Uchitel, S., Kramer, J., & Magee, J. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2003.1178048 · Cited by 266
Combining Induction, Deduction, and Structure for Verification and Synthesis
Seshia, S. A. (2015) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2015.2471838 · Cited by 38
Niang, M., Riera, B., Philippot, A., Zaytoon, J., Gellot, F., & Coupat, R. (2020) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2020.103328 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Clarke, E. M., & Wing, J. M.
- Venue
- ACM Computing Surveys
- Published
- 1996-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 626-643
- ISSN
- 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7341
- OpenAlex
- W4296471858
- Cited by
- 763
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 17.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Formal methods: state of the art and future directions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/242223.242257
- The paper
- Clarke, E. M., & Wing, J. M. (1996). Formal methods: state of the art and future directions. ACM Computing Surveys. https://doi.org/10.1145/242223.242257
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
