Why Do Social Media Users Share Misinformation?
Abstract
Widespread misinformation on social media is a cause of concern. Currently, it is unclear what factors prompt regular social media users with no malicious intent to forward misinformation to their online networks. Using a questionnaire informed by the Uses and Gratifications theory and the literature on rumor research, this study asked university students in Singapore why they shared misinformation on social media. Gender differences were also tested. The study found that perceived information characteristics such as its ability to spark conversations and its catchiness were top factors. Self-expression and socializing motivations were also among the top reasons. Women reported a higher prevalence of misinformation sharing. The implications for the design of social media applications and information literacy training were discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Stewardship of collective processes will require an understanding of both individual motivations and their emergent consequences.
“Stewardship of collective processes will require an understanding of both individual motivations and their emergent consequences”
From Stewardship of global collective behavior (2021) · cites this paper as [144]
Cites
Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century
Ruggiero, T. E. (2000) · Mass Communication and Society · doi:10.1207/s15327825mcs0301_02 · Cited by 2,810 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These studies on individual motivations often drew from the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) theory [11].”
BackgroundWho interacts on the Web?: The intersection of users’ personality and social media use
Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zúñiga, H. G. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2009.09.003 · Cited by 1,915 · see citing works
Park, N., Kee, K. F., & Valenzuela, S. (2009) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2009.0003 · Cited by 1,624 · see citing works
News sharing in social media: The effect of gratifications and prior experience
Lee, C.-S., & Ma, L. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.002 · Cited by 1,259 · see citing works
Self-citationLimiting the spread of misinformation in social networks
Budak, C., Agrawal, D., & Abbadi, A. E. (2011) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/1963405.1963499 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Weiser, E. B. (2000) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/109493100316012 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
Judgment of information quality and cognitive authority in the Web
Rieh, S. Y. (2002) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.10017.abs · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Ratkiewicz (2011) · doi:10.1145/1963192.1963301 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Rumor psychology: Social and organizational approaches.
DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11503-000 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Young people's use of online social networking sites – a uses and gratifications perspective
Dunne, Á., Lawlor, M., & Rowley, J. (2010) · Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1108/17505931011033551 · Cited by 469 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Previous studies have investigated the reasons behind the use of social media platforms such as SNS and photo sharing sites, news sharing on social media, and information sharing on mobile gaming sites [6-10].”
BackgroundGender and E-Commerce: An Exploratory Study
Rodgers, S., & HARRIS, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.1017/s0021849903030307 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Gender and E-commerce: an exploratory study.
Rodgers, S., & Harris, M. A. (2003) · Journal of Advertising Research · doi:10.2501/jar-43-3-322-329 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
An Analysis of Self-Construals, Motivations, Facebook Use, and User Satisfaction
Kim, J. H., Kim, M.-S., & Nam, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2010.516726 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Sin, S. J., & Kim, K. (2013) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2012.11.006 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual Differences in Social Media Use for Information Seeking
Kim, K., Sin, S. J., & Tsai, T. (2014) · The Journal of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1016/j.acalib.2014.03.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in information behavior concerning Wikipedia, an unorthodox information source?
Lim, S., & Kwon, N. (2010) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2010.01.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Analyzing Rumors, Gossip, and Urban Legends Through Their Conversational Properties
Guérin, B., & Miyazaki, Y. (2006) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395535 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Shah, C. S. (2012) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-28813-5 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
(2013) · Online Information Review · doi:10.1108/oir-04-2013-0084 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 24 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tucker, J. A., Guess, A., Barbera, P., Vaccari, C., Siegel, A., Sanovich, S., Stukal, D., & Nyhan, B. (2018) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3144139 · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Disinformation on the Web: Impact, Characteristics, and Detection of Wikipedia Hoaxes
Kumar, S., West, R., & Leskovec, J. (2016) · Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web · doi:10.1145/2872427.2883085 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Stewardship of global collective behavior
Bak-Coleman, J. B., Alfano, M., Barfuss, W., Bergstrom, C. T., Centeno, M. A., Couzin, I. D., Donges, J. F., Galesic, M., Gersick, A. S., Jacquet, J., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2025764118 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Spread of misinformation on social media: What contributes to it and how to combat it
Chen, S., Xiao, L., & Kumar, A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107643 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
The Web of False Information: Rumors, Fake News, Hoaxes, Clickbait, and Various Other Shenanigans
Zannettou, S., Sirivianos, M., Blackburn, J., & Kourtellis, N. (2019) · Journal of Data and Information Quality · doi:10.1145/3309699 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Apuke, O. D., & Omar, B. (2020) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2020.8236 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Web of False Information: Rumors, Fake News, Hoaxes, Clickbait, and Various Other ShenanigansPreprint
Zannettou, S., Sirivianos, M., Blackburn, J., & Kourtellis, N. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1804.03461 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Rayess, M. E., Chebl, C., Mhanna, J., & Hage, R.-M. S. (2018) · Reference Services Review · doi:10.1108/rsr-07-2017-0027 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Misinformation as a Window into Prejudice
Akbar, S. Z., Panda, A., Kukreti, D., Meena, A., & Pal, J. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3432948 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gurgun, S., Cemiloglu, D., Arden-Close, E. J., Phalp, K. T., Nakov, P., & Ali, R. (2023) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2023.102444 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
”It Matches My Worldview”: Examining Perceptions and Attitudes Around Fake Videos
Shahid, F., Kamath, S., Sidotam, A., Jiang, V., Batino, A., & Vashistha, A. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517646 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Sun, Y., & Xie, J. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108271 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Jo, H., Yang, F., & Yan, Q. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221130476 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Marin, L. (2021) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-021-09578-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Buchanan, G. R., Kelly, R., Makri, S., & McKay, D. (2022) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3498366.3505823 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Spread of misinformation online: Simulation impact of social media newsgroups
Safieddine, F., Đorđević, M., & Pourghomi, P. (2017) · 2017 Computing Conference · doi:10.1109/sai.2017.8252201 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A comparison of misinformation feature effectiveness across issues and time on Chinese social media
Ji, J., Zhu, Y., & Chao, N. (2022) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2022.103210 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peer-supplied credibility labels as an online misinformation intervention
Pareek, S., & Gonçalves, J. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103276 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
How U.S. Presidential elections strengthen global hate networks
Verma, A., Sear, R. F., & Johnson, N. F. (2024) · npj Complexity · doi:10.1038/s44260-024-00018-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shou, Y., Kuru, O., Newman, E. J., & Smithson, M. J. (2024) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.521 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ahmed, S., Bee, A. W. T., Masood, M., & Wei, T. H. (2024) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2024.102123 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
How Do Home Computer Users Browse the Web?
Crichton, K., Christin, N., & Cranor, L. F. (2021) · ACM Transactions on the Web · doi:10.1145/3473343 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Turn and Face the Strange: Investigating Filter Bubble Bursting Information Interactions
McKay, D., Owyong, K., Makri, S., & Lopez, M. G. (2022) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3498366.3505822 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Appling, S., Bruckman, A., & de Choudhury, M. (2022) · Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact. · doi:10.1145/3555128 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Attention-Based Design and User Decisions on Information Sharing: A Thematic Literature Review
Amin, Z., Ali, N. M., & Smeaton, A. F. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3087740 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zhang, B., Chen, L., & Moe, A. (2024) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10810730.2024.2385638 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Examining Source Effects on Perceptions of Fake News in Rural India
Shahid, F., Mare, S., & Vashistha, A. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3512936 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Retransmission of Rumor-related Tweets: Characteristics of Source and Message
Chua, A. Y. K., Tee, C.-Y., Pang, A., & Lim, E.-P. (2016) · Proceedings of the 7th 2016 International Conference on Social Media & Society - SMSociety '16 · doi:10.1145/2930971.2930994 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Gülnerman, A. G., & Karaman, H. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9040245 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Dissemination and Acceptance of COVID-19 Misinformation in Iran: A Qualitative Study
Taghipour, F., Ashrafi‐rizi, H., & Soleymani, M. R. (2021) · Community Health Equity Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/0272684x211022155 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
McKay, D., Makri, S., Lopez, M. G., Porlezza, C., MacFarlane, A., Cooper, G., & Missaoui, S. (2024) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24885 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Telaah Kritis Kejahatan Penyebaran Hoaks Saat Pandemi Covid-19
Pramono, G. E. (2020) · Jurnal Ilmu Hukum · doi:10.30652/jih.v9i2.7932 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
k-TruthScore: Fake News Mitigation in the Presence of Strong User Bias
Saxena, A., Saxena, H. K., & Gera, R. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66046-8_10 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rise of post-pandemic resilience across the distrust ecosystem
Illari, L., Restrepo, N. J., & Johnson, N. F. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42893-6 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jain, K., & Achuthan, K. (2025) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1570085 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, D. C., Nguyen, H. T., Do, H., Ngo, T., Pham, A. B. G., Tran, T. Q., Hoang, L. P., Dang, H., Boyer, L., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-19175-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Partisan online media use, political misinformation, and attitudes toward partisan issues
Lee, N.-Y.-O. (2023) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1080/03623319.2020.1728508
Attention-Based Design and Selective Exposure Amid COVID-19 Misinformation Sharing
Amin, Z., Ali, N. M., & Smeaton, A. F. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78468-3_34 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Bayesian decision-theoretic framework for studying motivated reasoningPreprint
Priniski, J. H., Solanki, P., & Horne, Z. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ngavz · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Warwas, I., Dzimińska, M., & Krzewińska, A. (2021) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2021.324 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leveraging LLMs for Detecting and Modeling the Propagation of Misinformation in Social Networks
Santra, P. (2024) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/3626772.3657654 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Research on the Follow-up Actions of College Students' Mobile Search
Wu, D., & Liang, S. (2016) · ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries · doi:10.1145/2910896.2910921 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Journalists' awareness of misinformation issues : Focused on in-depth interviews
Shin, H., & Lee, Y.-J. (2021) · Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies · doi:10.20879/kjjcs.2021.65.4.006 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
HF-RAG: Hierarchical Fusion-based RAG with Multiple Sources and Rankers
Santra, P., Ghosh, M., Ganguly, D., Basuchowdhuri, P., & Naskar, S. K. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM) · doi:10.1145/3746252.3760942 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jamiu, M. M., Lasisi, M. I., Limited, I., Mustapha, L. K., & Trofimova, G. (2022) · World of Media Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies · doi:10.30547/worldofmedia.3.2022.2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Complexity of the online distrust ecosystem and its evolution
Illari, L., Restrepo, N. J., & Johnson, N. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Complex Systems · doi:10.3389/fcpxs.2023.1329857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Towards Rumors Detection Framework for Social Media
Sanaa, H., Ramadan, N., & Hefny, H. A. (2020) · International Journal of Computer Applications · doi:10.5120/ijca2020919780 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McKay, D., Makri, S., & Buchanan, G. R. (2024) · Conference on Human Information Interaction and Retrieval · doi:10.1145/3627508.3638321 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Towards Understanding the Information Ecosystem Through the Lens of Multiple Web CommunitiesPreprint
Zannettou, S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1911.10517 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Competitive Influence Propagation and Fake News Mitigation in the Presence of Strong User BiasPreprint
Saxena, A., Saxena, H. K., & Gera, R. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.04857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is Democracy Broken? Disinformation Wants You to Think That It Is
Cirone, A. E. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009602570.012 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mapping Linear and Configurational Dynamics to Fake News Sharing Behaviors in a Developing Economy
Mombeuil, C., Séraphin, H., & Diunugala, H. P. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13080341 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alasmari, H., & Zavalina, O. L. (2022) · Journal of Information & Knowledge Management · doi:10.1142/s0219649222500952 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Frequent Truth: Impact of Frequency of Misinformation Correction in Extended Extreme Events
Nandakumar, A., & Rajivan, P. (2022) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2022.372 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pokropek, A., Flakus, M., Koc, P., Plisiecki, H., Sitek, M., Pokropek, M., & Przybysz, D. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/k4a2f · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tagat, A., Thakur, A., Rezaei, S., Gurjar, S., George, D., Budhwar, Y., Puthillam, A., & Kapoor, H. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780198945253.003.0057 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cole, Z. J., & Ritchey, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1711767
Attention and misinformation sharing on social mediaPreprint
Amin, Z., Ali, N. M., & Smeaton, A. F. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.12593
More Comfortable With Chaos: Using Hypertext to Shatter Echo Chambers and Promote Creativity
McKay, D., Makri, S., & Buchanan, G. R. (2022) · ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media (HT) · doi:10.1145/3511095.3536371
Singh, M. (2024) · Journal of Social Media Marketing · doi:10.33422/jsmm.v3i1.1201
Knowing What We Don't Know: Targeting Overconfidence to Combat MisinformationPreprint
Taavila, S., Amara, M., Draginić, K., Jung, N. S., Li, X., & Sloksnath, P. R. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4872927
Hellman, M. (2024) · The Palgrave Macmillan series in international political communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-58747-4_10
Misinformation in Reels, Influence of Contextual Superimposed Texts in Short Videos
Bartlett, A., Yaqub, W., Suleiman, B., & Mohanty, M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0567-5_1
Tune-Attention Model: Designing Cybernetics Intervention for Information Sharing Behavior
Amin, Z., Ali, N. M., & Zinaida, R. S. (2024) · International Conference on Electronic and Electrical Engineering and Intelligent System (ICE3IS) · doi:10.1109/ice3is62977.2024.10775858
Accepting and Expecting Deception
Sanfilippo, M. R., & Nair, S. K. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009255165.011
How to Manage Issues on Twitter
Sin, S. J., & Kim, K. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009255165.010
Self-citationUnveiling Misinformation Sharing on Social Media: A Framework and Research Agenda
Chin, C. P.-Y., Hussin, Z. N., Choo, K. R., & Rahim, N. Z. A. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2026.3676157
- Authors
- Chen, X., Sin, S.-C. J., Theng, Y.-L., & Lee, C. S.
- Affiliations
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 15th ACM/IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2015-06-21
- Pages
- 111-114
- ISSN
- 1552-5996 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039282471
- Semantic Scholar
- 62b5ddd597b56bf0d816bd7c4f37d7abc68def4d
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 8.50
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nanyang Technological University (RG58/14)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Islamic Finance and Communication
- Keywords
- misinformation sharing, social media, uses and gratifications theory, self-expression motivation, gender differences, university students, information literacy, social media design
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review