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Processing Social Media Messages in Mass Emergency: A Survey
Abstract
Social media platforms provide active communication channels during mass convergence and emergency events such as disasters caused by natural hazards. As a result, first responders, decision makers, and the public can use this information to gain insight into the situation as it unfolds. In particular, many social media messages communicated during emergencies convey timely, actionable information. Processing social media messages to obtain such information, however, involves solving multiple challenges including: parsing brief and informal messages, handling information overload, and prioritizing different types of information found in messages. These challenges can be mapped to classical information processing operations such as filtering, classifying, ranking, aggregating, extracting, and summarizing. We survey the state of the art regarding computational methods to process social media messages and highlight both their contributions and shortcomings. In addition, we examine their particularities, and methodically examine a series of key subproblems ranging from the detection of events to the creation of actionable and useful summaries. Research thus far has, to a large extent, produced methods to extract situational awareness information from social media. In this survey, we cover these various approaches, and highlight their benefits and shortcomings. We conclude with research challenges that go beyond situational awareness, and begin to look at supporting decision making and coordinating emergency-response actions.
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“The use of social media during emergencies and crises has also increased substantially in recent years (Imran et al. 2015;Castillo 2016;Procter et al. 2013a)”
From Detection and Resolution of Rumours in Social Media: A Survey (2019) · cites this paper as Imran et al. 2015
In the citing paper
“ML can help properly surface these insights, compressing large volumes of social media data into the key takeaways, which can be acted upon by disaster managers [118,368,596].”
From Tackling climate change with machine learning (2023) · cites this paper as [368]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Imran, M., Castillo, C., Diaz, F., & Vieweg, S.
- Affiliations
- Qatar Computing Research Institute, Doha, Qatar
- Microsoft Research, New York NY
- Venue
- ACM Computing Surveys
- Published
- 2015-06-26
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1-38
- ISSN
- 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7341
- OpenAlex
- W1934362406
- Cited by
- 804
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 96 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 73 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 11
- FWCI
- 245.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Computing Surveys (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Public Relations and Crisis Communication
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disaster Management and Resilience
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Text and Document Classification Technologies
- Keywords
- social media, mass emergencies, disaster response, situational awareness, event detection, summarization, information extraction, information overload, message classification, emergency decision-making, emergency response coordination, natural hazards
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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