Design through matchmaking: technology in search of users
Open accessAbstract
article Free Access Share on Design through matchmaking: technology in search of users Authors: Sara Bly Sara Bly Consulting, Hillsboro, OR Sara Bly Consulting, Hillsboro, ORView Profile , Elizabeth F. Churchill FX Palo Alto Lab, Palo Alto, CA FX Palo Alto Lab, Palo Alto, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 6Issue 2March/April 1999 pp 23–31https://doi.org/10.1145/296165.296174Online:01 March 1999Publication History 10citation963DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations10Total Downloads963Last 12 Months280Last 6 weeks24 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteView all FormatsPDF
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Using language models' generative capabilities for interaction design requires a holistic understanding of what they can and cannot do across diverse interaction contexts.
“Harnessing LMs' generative capabilities to power interaction designs begins with a holistic understanding of these capabilities [5,68]; this includes understanding what LMs can and cannot do under diverse interaction contexts.”
From CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI Collaborative Writing Dataset for Exploring Language Model Capabilities (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
The Summary (page unavailable) describes assessing a technology’s capabilities against work domains, and “Mapping Technology to Work Activities” (page unavailable) explicitly considers activities the technology supports easily and those it does not. The paper applies this approach to virtual environments, not language models or their generative capabilities, so the LM-specific application is an extension beyond the source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Norman, D. A., & DRAPER, S. W. (1986) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15703 · Cited by 3,154 · see citing works
User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction
Anderson, N. S., Norman, D. A., & Draper, S. W. (1988) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422802 · Cited by 1,851 · see citing works
Field methods casebook for software design
Wixon, D. R., & Ramey, J. A. (1996) · John Wiley & Sons, Inc. eBooks · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Churchill, E. F., & Bly, S. A. (1999) · International Joint Conference on Work Activities Coordination and Collaboration (WACC) · doi:10.1145/295665.295677 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroduction: The State of Play
Dourish, P. (1998) · Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1023/a:1008697019985 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Collaborative Networked Communication: MUDs as Systems Tools: MUDs as Systems Tools
Evard, R. (1993) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Collaboratory operations in magnetic fusion scientific research
Casper, T. A., Meyer, W. M., Moller, J. M., Henline, P., Keith, K., McHarg, B. B., Davis, S. L., & Greenwood, D. (1998) · interactions · doi:10.1145/275269.275277 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Re-examining Whether, Why, and How Human-AI Interaction Is Uniquely Difficult to Design
Yang, Q., Steinfeld, A., Rosé, C., & Zimmerman, J. (2020) · Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3313831.3376301 · Cited by 622 · see citing works
“Even when Figure 2: Mapping UX design challenges of AI in prior research on a technology-driven design innovation process [41, 5] designers understand how AI works, they often found it difficult to ideate many possible new interactions and novel experiences with much fluidity [13, 58].”
BackgroundLee, M., Liang, P., & Yang, Q. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3502030 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Mapping Machine Learning Advances from HCI Research to Reveal Starting Places for Design Innovation
Yang, Q., Banović, N., & Zimmerman, J. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173704 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Churchill, E. F., Trevor, J., Bly, S. A., Nelson, L., & Čubranić, D. (2000) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/332040.332475 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationInvestigating How Practitioners Use Human-AI Guidelines: A Case Study on the People + AI Guidebook
Yildirim, N., Pushkarna, M., Goyal, N., WATTENBERG, M. P., & Viégas, F. B. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3580900 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Sketching NLP: A Case Study of Exploring the Right Things To Design with Language Intelligence
Yang, Q., Cranshaw, J., Amershi, S., Iqbal, S. T., & Teevan, J. (2019) · Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3290605.3300415 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Yildirim, N., Richardson, H., Wetscherek, M. T., Bajwa, J., Jacob, J., Pinnock, M. A., Harris, S., Coelho De Castro, D., Bannur, S., Hyland, S., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642013 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Multimedia Fliers: Information Sharing With Digital Community Bulletin Boards
Churchill, E. F., Nelson, L., & Denoue, L. (2003) · Communities and Technologies · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-0115-0_6 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationCreating Design Resources to Scaffold the Ideation of AI Concepts
Yildirim, N., Oh, C., Sayar, D., Brand, K., Challa, S., Turri, V., Walton, N., Wong, A. E., Forlizzi, J., McCann, J., et al. (2023) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3563657.3596058 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
How Experienced Designers of Enterprise Applications Engage AI as a Design Material
Yildirim, N., Kass, A., Tung, T., Upton, C., Costello, D., Giusti, R., Lacin, S., Lovic, S., O'Neill, J. M., Meehan, R. O., et al. (2022) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3491102.3517491 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Churchill, E. F., Nelson, L., Denoue, L., Murphy, P. G., & Helfman, J. I. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2813-3_10 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, Q. (2018) · National Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sketching AI Concepts with Capabilities and Examples: AI Innovation in the Intensive Care Unit
Yildirim, N., Zlotnikov, S., Sayar, D., Kahn, J. M., Bukowski, L. A., Amin, S. S., Riman, K. A., Davis, B. S., Minturn, J. S., King, A. J., et al. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3641896 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Human-centered NLP Fact-checking: Co-Designing with Fact-checkers using Matchmaking for AI
Liu, H., Das, A., Boltz, A., Zhou, D., Pinaroc, D., Lease, M., & Lee, M. K. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3686962 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Echeverría, V., Zhao, L., Alfredo, R., Milesi, M. E., Jin, Y., Abel, S., Fan, J. X., Yan, L., Dix, S., Wotherspoon, R., et al. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713395 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Designing Interactive Applications to Support Novel Activities
Lee, H., Ali, N. M., & Hardman, L. (2013) · Advances in Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1155/2013/180192 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Making the Right Thing: Bridging HCI and Responsible AI in Early-Stage AI Concept Selection
Jung, J.-Y., Saxena, D., Park, M., Kim, J., Forlizzi, J., Holstein, K., & Zimmerman, J. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735745 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Mastrianni, A., Twede, H., Sarcevic, A., Wander, J. D., Austin-Tse, C. A., Saponas, S., Rehm, H. L., Conard, A. M., & Hall, A. K. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/3756326 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jin, W., Fan, J., Gromala, D., Pasquier, P., & Hamarneh, G. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mukhopadhyay, A., & Luther, K. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713283 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Alfredo, R., Mejia‐Domenzain, P., Echeverría, V., Rahayu, D., Zhao, L., Alajlan, H., Swiecki, Z., Käser, T., Gašević, D., & Martínez‐Maldonado, R. (2025) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3706468.3706475 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring the Innovation Opportunities for Pre-trained Models
Park, M., Forlizzi, J., & Zimmerman, J. (2025) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3715336.3735753 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
User-created forms as an effective method of human-agent communication
Zimmerman, J., Rivard, K., Hargraves, I. G., Tomasic, A., & Mohnkern, K. (2009) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1518701.1518988 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Discovering Users for Technical Innovations through Systematic Matchmaking
van Dijk, B., & Zimmerman, J. (2019) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3290607.3312843 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Designing Future Interaction with Today's Technology
Agardh, J., Johansson, M., & Pettersson, M. (1999) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jin, L., Vavouris, A. K., Castelli, N., Pins, D., Boden, A., Stanković, L., & Stanković, V. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3789680 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Agent Supported Cooperative Work — An Introduction
Ye, Y., & Churchill, E. F. (2003) · Multiagent systems, artificial societies, and simulated organizations · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-9200-0_1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial: Social Cognition and Teamwork
Ritter, F. E., Baxter, G. D., & Churchill, E. F. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5134-0_8
Self-citationMail2Tag, Case Study of Design Using Multiple Aspects of Appropriation
Nelson, L., & Convertino, G. (2013)
Investigating How Leaders Decide on AI Innovations: Opportunities for HCI
Xie, S., Xiao, S., Peng, C., Mani, G., Zimmerman, J., & Eslami, M. (2026) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3772318.3790484
Nguyen, D.-H., Salim, K., Power, D., Connolly, M., Hamdy, A., Contreras, M., Mai, T. T., Shorten, G., O’Sullivan, B., Nanjappan, V., et al. (2026) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3785022.3785129
AI Design Sprints: Facilitating AI Innovation within Cross-functional Industry Teams
Yildirim, N., Patel, K., Dusch, F., Knopf, D., Yusufoglu, M., Schuler, D., Holstein, K., Forlizzi, J., McCann, J., & Zimmerman, J. (2026) · Designing Interactive Systems Conference · doi:10.1145/3800645.3812991
REDesigning AI Products and Services
Forlizzi, J., Zimmerman, J., Yang, Q., Oh, C., & Yildirim, N. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872225.009
Doing Human-Centered Machine Learning
Fiebrink, R., Gillies, M. F. P., & Ramos, G. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108872225.006
- Authors
- Bly, S., & Churchill, E. F.
- Affiliations
- Sara Bly Consulting, Hillsboro, OR
- FX Palo Alto Laboratory (US)
- Venue
- Interactions
- Published
- 1999-03
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 23-31
- ISSN
- 1072-5520 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-3449
- OpenAlex
- W2089797598
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- interactions (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC03-?, AC03-76SF00098, DEAC03-76SF00098, Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098)
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (DE-AC03-76SF00098)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Usability and User Interface Design
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Design Education and Practice
- Keywords
- matchmaking, user-centered design, user needs, design process, technology adoption
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review