Identification and Classification of Usage Patterns in Long-Term Activity Tracking
Abstract
Activity trackers are frequently used in health and well-being, but their application in effective interventions is challenging. While research for reasons of use and non-use is ongoing, little is known about the way activity trackers are used in everyday life and over longer periods. We analyzed data of 104 individuals over 14,413 use days, and in total over 2.5 years. We describe general tracker use, periodic changes and overall changes over time, and identify characteristic patterns. While the use of trackers shows large individual heterogeneity, from our findings we could identify and classify general patterns for activity tracker use such as try-and-drop, slow-starter, experimenter, hop-on hop-off, intermittent and power user. Our findings contribute to the body of knowledge towards the successful design of effective health technologies, health interventions, and long-term health applications.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is a potential for unmeasured confounding in the analyses because the study was not able to account for an exhaustive list of potential confounders such as job status, environmental factors, and differences in usage patterns between participants over time.
“Further, there is a potential for unmeasured confounding in our analyses because we were not able to account for an exhaustive list of potential confounders such as job status, environmental factors and differences in the usage patterns between participants over time17.”
From Association of step counts over time with the risk of chronic disease in the All of Us Research Program (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
Cites
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
CRAIG, C. L., MARSHALL, A. L., SJ??STR??M, M., BAUMAN, A. E., BOOTH, M. L., AINSWORTH, B. E., PRATT, M., EKELUND, U., YNGVE, A., SALLIS, J. F., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb · Cited by 21,619 · see citing works
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010.
Alwan, A. (2011) · Cited by 8,494 · see citing works
Using Pedometers to Increase Physical Activity and Improve Health: A Systematic Review
Bravata, D. M., Smith-Spangler, C., Sundaram, V., Gienger, A. L., Lin, N., Lewis, R., Stave, C. D., Olkin, I., & Sirard, J. R. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.19.2296 · Cited by 2,064 · see citing works
Consolvo, S., McDonald, D. W., Toscos, T., Chen, M. Y., Froehlich, J. E., Harrison, B. L., Klasnja, P., LaMarca, A., LeGrand, L., Libby, R., et al. (2008) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1357054.1357335 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
Global status report on noncommunicable diseases
Chan, M. (2010) · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
Fish’n’Steps: Encouraging Physical Activity with an Interactive Computer Game
Lin, J. J.-W., Mamykina, L., Lindtner, S., Delajoux, G., & Strub, H. B. (2006) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/11853565_16 · Cited by 853 · see citing works
Accuracy and Reliability of 10 Pedometers for Measuring Steps over a 400-m Walk
SCHNEIDER, P. L., Crouter, S. E., Lukajic, O., & Bassett, D. R. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000089342.96098.c4 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
Measuring and Influencing Physical Activity with Smartphone Technology: A Systematic Review
Roig, J. B., Gilson, N. D., Puig-Ribera, A. M., Contreras-Espinosa, R. S., & Trost, S. G. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0142-5 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Ferguson, T., Rowlands, A. V., Olds, T., & Maher, C. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0201-9 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Corrà, U., Piepoli, M. F., Carré, F., Heuschmann, P. U., Hoffmann, U., Verschuren, W. M. M., Halcox, J., Reviewers, D., Giannuzzi, P., Saner, H. E., et al. (2010) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq236 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
(2015) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2804288 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Persuasive technology in the real world
Fritz, T., Huang, E. M., Murphy, G. C., & Zimmermann, T. (2014) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557383 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Entwicklung und Validierung einer Kurzskala zur Erfassung von Technikbereitschaft
Neyer, F. J., Felber, J., & Gebhardt, C. (2012) · Diagnostica · doi:10.1026/0012-1924/a000067 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Clawson, J., Pater, J. A., Miller, A., Mynatt, E. D., & Mamykina, L. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2807554 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
The Hidden Cost of Personal Quantification
Etkin, J. (2016) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucv095 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Beyond Abandonment to Next Steps
Epstein, D. A., Caraway, M., Johnston, C., Ping, A., Fogarty, J. A., & Munson, S. A. (2016) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2858036.2858045 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
How do we engage with activity trackers?
Gouveia, R. H. D. F., Karapanos, E., & Hassenzahl, M. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2804290 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Use and Adoption Challenges of Wearable Activity Trackers
Shih, P. C., Han, K., Poole, E. S., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2015) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Connelly, J., Kirk, A., Masthoff, J., & MacRury, S. (2013) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.12289 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Discovering different kinds of smartphone users through their application usage behaviors
Zhao, S., Ramos, J., Tao, J., Jiang, Z., Li, S., Wu, Z., Pan, G., & Dey, A. K. (2016) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2971648.2971696 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Wellbeing in the Making: Peoples' Experiences with Wearable Activity Trackers
Karapanos, E., Gouveia, R., Hassenzahl, M., & Forlizzi, J. (2016) · Psychology of Well-Being · doi:10.1186/s13612-016-0042-6 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Reconsidering the device in the drawer
Epstein, D. A., Kang, J. H., Pina, L. R., Fogarty, J. A., & Munson, S. A. (2016) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2971648.2971656 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Do Pedometers Increase Physical Activity in Sedentary Older Women? A Randomized Controlled Trial
McMurdo, M. E. T., Sugden, J., Argo, I. S., Boyle, P., Johnston, D. W., Sniehotta, F. F., & Donnan, P. T. (2010) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03127.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Harrison, D., Marshall, P., Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., & Bird, J. (2014) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2638728.2641320 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Older Adults’ Use of and Attitudes toward Activity Monitoring Technologies
Fausset, C. B., Mitzner, T. L., Price, C. E., Jones, B. D., Fain, B., & Rogers, W. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931213571374 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Purta, R., Mattingly, S. M., Song, L., Ližardo, O., Hachen, D. S., Poellabauer, C., & Striegel, A. (2016) · ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers (ISWC) · doi:10.1145/2971763.2971767 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ubicomp '09: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Ubiquitous computing
Helal, S., Gellersen, H. W., & Consolvo, S. (2009) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Making Lifelogging Usable: Design Guidelines for Activity Trackers
Meyer, J., Fortmann, J., Wasmann, M., & Heuten, W. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14442-9_39 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationMuellmann, S., Forberger, S., Möllers, T., Zeeb, H., & Pischke, C. R. (2016) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0223-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Visualization of Complex Health Data on Mobile Devices
Meyer, J., Kazakova, A., Büsing, M., & Boll, S. (2016) · doi:10.1145/2985766.2985774 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationBrühmann, B. A., Schmidt, M. E., & Steindorf, K. (2014) · German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) · doi:10.3205/mibe000155 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wienbergen, H., Backhaus, T., Michel, S., et al. (2017) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx502.p2476 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Master, H., Annis, J., Huang, S., Beckman, J. A., Ratsimbazafy, F., Marginean, K., Carroll, R., Natarajan, K., Harrell, F. E., Roden, D. M., et al. (2022) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02012-w · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Butryn, M. L., Godfrey, K. M., Martinelli, M. K., Roberts, S. R., Forman, E. M., & Zhang, F. (2020) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.391 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
- Authors
- Meyer, J., Wasmann, M., Heuten, W., El Ali, A., & Boll, S. C. J.
- Affiliations
- Oldenburger Institut für Informatik (DE)
- Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2017-05-02
- Pages
- 667-678
- OpenAlex
- W2611061514
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 7.44
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01EL1422C)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Innovative Human-Technology Interaction
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Keywords
- wearable activity trackers, usage patterns, long-term tracking, user heterogeneity, health interventions, health technology design, power users
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review