The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Open accessAbstract
We trained a large, deep convolutional neural network to classify the 1.2 million high-resolution images in the ImageNet LSVRC-2010 contest into the 1000 different classes. On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively, which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art. The neural network, which has 60 million parameters and 650,000 neurons, consists of five convolutional layers, some of which are followed by max-pooling layers, and three fully connected layers with a final 1000-way softmax. To make training faster, we used non-saturating neurons and a very efficient GPU implementation of the convolution operation. To reduce overfitting in the fully connected layers we employed a recently developed regularization method called "dropout" that proved to be very effective. We also entered a variant of this model in the ILSVRC-2012 competition and achieved a winning top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, compared to 26.2% achieved by the second-best entry.
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Claims the paper makes
29 No basis given · 22 Own result · 19 Own interpretation · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Sources not found · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
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In the paper
“This technique reduces complex co adaptations of neurons, since a neuron cannot rely on the presence of particular other neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper states on p. 1 that dropout prevents complex co-adaptations by randomly omitting hidden units, so a hidden unit cannot rely on other hidden units being present. This directly supports the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
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In the paper
“There is, however, a very efficient version of model combination that only costs about a factor of two during training.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper describes dropout as an efficient way to combine many neural-network models (p. 1). In F.6 Training (p. 17), it reports that ImageNet training took roughly four days with dropout versus two days without it, supporting the approximate factor-of-two training cost. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“This scheme reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.7% and 1.2%, respectively, as compared with a net with half as many kernels in each convolutional layer trained on one GPU.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
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In the paper
“The size of our network made overfitting a significant problem, even with 1.2 million labeled training examples”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“So these data augmentation schemes are, in effect, computationally free.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This scheme reduces the top-1 and top-5 error rates by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively, as compared with the non overlapping scheme s = 2, z = 2, which produces output of equivalent dimensions.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“This increases the size of our training set by a factor of 2048”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“Deep CNNs with ReLUs train several times faster than their equivalents with tanh units.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.1. Rectified Linear Unit nonlinearity
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In the paper
“However, we still find that the following local normalization scheme aids generalization.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
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In the paper
“Although the 1000 classes of ILSVRC make each training example impose 10 bits of constraint on the mapping from image to label, this turns out to be insufficient to learn so many parameters without considerable overfitting.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5. REDUCING OVERFITTING
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In the paper
“though the resulting training examples are, of course, highly inter dependent.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Abstract
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In the paper
“We generally observe during training that models with overlapping pooling find it slightly more difficult to overfit.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“a four-layer CNN achieved a 13% test e r r o r r a t e w i t h o u t n o r m a l i z a t i o n a n d 1 1 % w i t h normalization.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
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In the paper
“so we used several effective techniques for preventing overfitting”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Response normalization reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.4% and 1.2%, respectively.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
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In the paper
“The two-GPU net takes slightly less time to train than the one-GPU net.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
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In the paper
“Our network contains a number of new and unusual features which improve its performance and reduce its training time”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Without this scheme, our network suffers from substantial overfitting, which would have forced us to use much smaller networks.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“For example, only other types of cat are considered plausible labels for the leopard.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“This initialization accelerates the early stages of learning by providing the ReLUs with positive inputs.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 6. DETAILS OF LEARNING
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In the paper
“Notice that at the pixel level, the retrieved training images are generally not close in L2 to the query images in the first column.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“Training one CNN, with an extra sixth convolutional layer over the last pooling layer, to classify the entire ImageNet Fall 2011 release (15M images, 22K categories), and then”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our top-1 and top-5 error rates on this dataset are 67.4% and 40.9%, attained by the net described above but with an additional, sixth convolutional layer over the last pooling layer.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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- Rests on an assumption: The Fall 2009 ImageNet split used by the authors, which differs from previous authors' splits, does not affect the results appreciably.
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In the paper
“This kind of specialization occurs during every run and is independent of any particular random weight initialization (modulo a renumbering of the GPUs).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“The magnitude of the effect demonstrated here varies with network architecture, but networks with ReLUs consistently learn several times faster than equivalents with saturating neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 9. EPILOGUE
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In the paper
“Our network achieves top-1 and top-5 test set error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 7. RESULTS
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In the paper
“Averaging the predictions of five similar CNNs gives an error rate of 16.4%.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“In the remainder of this paragraph, we use validation and test error rates interchangeably because in our experience they do not differ by more than 0.1% (see Table 2).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“Notice that even off-center objects, such as the mite in the top-left, can be recognized by the net.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“All of our experiments suggest that our results can be improved simply by waiting for faster GPUs and bigger datasets to become available.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ReLUs have the desirable property that they do not require input normalization to prevent them from saturating.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) constitute one such class of models.9,15,17,19,21,26,32”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Fukushima, K. Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position. Biol. Cybern. 36, 4 (1980), 193-202. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Krizhevsky, A. Convolutional deep belief networks on cifar-10. Unpublished manuscript, 2010.
- Not checked yetcites [17] 17. LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J., Henderson, D., Howard, R., Hubbard, W., Jackel, L., et al. Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (1990).
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In the paper
“However, the immense complexity of the object recognition task means that this problem cannot be specified even by a dataset as large as ImageNet, so our model should also have lots of prior knowledge to compensate for all the data we do not have.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, compared to standard feedforward neural networks with similarly sized layers, CNNs have much fewer connections and parameters and so they are easier to train, while their theoretically best performance is likely to be only slightly worse.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“methods that require careful hand-engineering by a programmer who understands the domain do not scale as well as methods that replace the programmer with a powerful general-purpose learning procedure.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
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In the paper
“Luckily, current GPUs, paired with a highly optimized implementation of 2D convolution, are powerful enough to facilitate the training of interestinglylarge CNNs”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“they also make strong and mostly correct assumptions about the nature of images (namely, stationarity of statistics and locality of pixel dependencies).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Despite the attractive qualities of CNNs, and despite the relative efficiency of their local architecture, they have still been prohibitively expensive to apply in large scale to highresolution images.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ImageNet, 7 which consists of over 15 million labeled high-resolution images in over 22,000 categories.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In CVPR09 (2009). source
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In the paper
“which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Abstract
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In the paper
“With enough computation and enough data, learning beats programming for complicated tasks that require the integration of many different, noisy cues.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and recent datasets such as ImageNet contain enough labeled examples to train such models without severe overfitting.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for deep neural networks to shine, they needed far more labeled data and hugely more computation.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If at least some training examples produce a positive input to a ReLU, learning will happen in that neuron.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To learn about thousands of objects from millions of images, we need a model with a large learning capacity.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The constants k, n, α, and β are hyperparameters whose values are determined using a validation set”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on this dataset the primary concern is preventing overfitting, so the effect they are observing is different from the accelerated ability to fit the training set which we report when using ReLUs.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.1. Rectified Linear Unit nonlinearity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“since then the best published results are 45.7% and 25.7% with an approach that averages the predictions of two classifiers trained on Fisher Vectors (FVs) computed from two types of densely sampled features.29”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 7. RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Sánchez, J., Perronnin, F. High- dimensional signature compression for large-scale image classification. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011 (2011). IEEE, 1665-1672. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Combining the predictions of many different models is a very successful way to reduce test errors, 1, 3”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it appears to be too expensive for big neural networks that already take several days to train.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The best published results on this dataset are 78.1% and 60.9%.23”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Mensink, T., Verbeek, J., Perronnin, F., Csurka, G. Metric learning for large scale image classification: Generalizing to new classes at near-zero cost. In ECCV -European Conference on Computer Vision (Florence, Italy, Oct. 2012). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Objects in realistic settings exhibit considerable variability.
“But objects in realistic settings exhibit considerable variability”
The paper relies on this without support.
Object identity is invariant to changes in the intensity and color of illumination.
“object identity is invariant to changes in the intensity and color of the illumination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Fall 2009 ImageNet split used by the authors, which differs from previous authors' splits, does not affect the results appreciably.
“Since there is no established test set, our split necessarily differs from the splits used by previous authors, but this does not affect the results appreciably.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the field of DL, the CNN is the most famous and commonly employed algorithm [30, 71–75].”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fully convolutional neural networks (fCNNs) have provided state-of-the-art performance for object classification and image segmentation (1).”
From Fully automated, real-time 3D ultrasound segmentation to estimate first trimester placental volume using deep learning (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The first wave saw the emergence of deep learning as the dominant paradigm for analyzing high-dimensional biological data.”
From The next paradigm in bioinformatics: a review of multi-agent systems and foundational models for end-to-end scientific discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Krizhevesky et al. [30] first proposed AlexNet and consequently improved the CNN learning ability by increasing its depth and implementing several parameter optimization strategies.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In deep CNN architecture, AlexNet is highly respected [30], as it achieved innovative results in the fields of image recognition and classification.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Many CNN models, e.g. AlexNet [30], GoogleNet [103], and ResNet [37], have been trained on large datasets such as ImageNet for image recognition purposes.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To avoid model-specific biases, two different AI models, AlexNet [22] and VGG16 [38], were selected for classification.”
From Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In particular, the choice of this specific size is based on the fact that the AlexNet 34 (and also similar CNN architectures) has been shown to offer satisfactory performances with an input matrix of that size or very similar, albeit for different types of problems with respect to the one presented in this work (e.g., image classification).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Jung et al. [21] found that a reduction in accuracy does not occur when using only four bits for both weight and activation parameters, even for the ImageNet dataset [32].”
From Zero-Centered Fixed-Point Quantization With Iterative Retraining for Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Object Detectors (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Feature-based approaches [17,18,19] commonly employ networks pre-trained on ImageNet [20] to map original images into a more distinguishable feature space. These methods are typically characterized by low training costs and outstanding performance.”
From An Unsupervised Method for Industrial Image Anomaly Detection with Vision Transformer-Based Autoencoder (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Over the past several years, the successes of deep learning on visual tasks has critically relied on convolutional neural networks [20, 16].”
From Do Vision Transformers See Like Convolutional Neural Networks? (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A common perception metric is the Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) which uses pre-trained deep neural network backbones such as VGG [9] and AlexNet [22].”
From MTReD: 3D Reconstruction Dataset for Fly-over Videos of Maritime Domain (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Starting with the the success of AlexNet [5] in the ILSVRC challenge [6] in 2012, deep learning models have been outperforming traditional approaches on a number of computer vision problems.”
From Satellite Pose Estimation Challenge: Dataset, Competition Design, and Results (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, it has been acknowledged that the performance of those hashing schemes may degrade significantly if the projected dimensions are imbalanced [4], [6], [13], i.e., their variances vary a lot.”
From Unsupervised Deep Video Hashing via Balanced Code for Large-Scale Video Retrieval (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“When convolutional RBMs are stacked together, they form convolutional deep belief networks [22].”
From Multimodal emotion recognition using deep learning architectures (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), built for spatial data, have demonstrated performance comparable to that of specialists in cancer detection and tumor segmentation [15,16,17,18,19,20].”
From Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Oncology: From Productivity Enhancement to Creative Discovery (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“When a low-capacity model, such as AlexNet, is used for pre-training, little improvement can be obtained when compared to the Resnet50 family [26].”
From Self-supervised learning: A succinct review (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Since its introduction by Krizhevsky et al. [7] in 2012, the CNN model has been successfully applied to a wide range of multimodal applications, such as image dehazing [239, 240] and human activity recognition [241].”
From A survey on deep multimodal learning for computer vision: advances, trends, applications, and datasets (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The AlexNet architecture was published in [4], achieved significantly improved performance over the other non-deep learning methods for ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) 2012.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Deep CNN architectures with 8, even 22 layers [4], [33], can be useful even for CADe problems where the available training datasets are limited.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“focusing on AI and deep learning architectures that have already become the de facto approach.”
From AI in Medical Imaging Informatics: Current Challenges and Future Directions (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“Since then, fueled by the revolutionary results of AlexNet [101] and incarnations of patch-based adaptations of Deep Boltzmann Machines and stacked autoencoders, deep learning based segmentation of anatomy and pathology has witnessed a revolution (see also Table II), where for some tasks now we observe human level performance [102].”
From AI in Medical Imaging Informatics: Current Challenges and Future Directions (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“ReLU significantly increases the rate of con-vergence of stochastic gradient descent in comparison with the sigmoid [26].”
From Real-time system for automatic cold strip surface defect detection (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Real-time volume estimation has been achieved using fully convolutional neural networks (FCNNs) [11] to produce state-of-the-art performance in a range of medical imaging modalities [12].”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.5. Overall architecture
“The third convolutional layer has 384 kernels of size 3 × 3 × 256”
Citations
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Cited by
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Accelerated Neural Network Initialization via Training of Symmetrically Partitioned Models
Gyulai-Nagy, Z.-V. (2025) · Acta Universitatis Sapientiae: Informatica · doi:10.1007/s44427-025-00012-5
A Two‐Stage Region Proposal Optimization for Efficient Bird Detection in Deep Learning Pipelines
Dinç, B., & Kaya, Y. (2025) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.70364
Ventral striatal astrocytes contribute to reinforcement learningPreprint
Pai, J., Sogukpinar, F., Ogasawara, K., Smith, G. J., Fiocchi, F. R., Dai, Y., Wu, Y., Frank, M. J., Ching, S., Lucantonio, F., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.20.683205 · Cited by 1
Two-stage Adaptive Traffic Detection System for Adverse Weather
Yu, J., Zhang, M., Yu, X., et al. (2025) · International Joint Conference on Information and Communication Engineering (JCICE) · doi:10.1109/jcice66205.2025.11182043
“A significant leap forward occurred in 2012 when a model [4] that utilized the ReLU (Rectified Linear Unit) activation function and GPU acceleration was introduced, which dramatically enhanced classification performance despite incurring high computational costs and prolonged training times.”
Zheng, Z., Zhao, X., Wang, M., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199786
A Nyquist Folding Receiver Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Accurate Frequency Measurement
Wang, Y., Luo, J., Xue, C., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1109/spml66318.2025.11199816
“With the widespread application of deep learning in computer vision, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) [17], inspired by biological vision systems, has emerged as the most effective method for analysing image information [18].”
PCBNet: positional crossing and broad features network for indoor scene semantic segmentation
Hou, H., Wenwen, Z., Zhang, Z., Sun, W., Yang, Y. Y., Liu, G., Haipeng, H., Tianyuan, L., & Li, X. (2025) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-025-07982-5
“They innovatively transformed classical network architectures originally used for classification tasks, such as AlexNet [17], VGGNet [18], and GoogLeNet [19], into fully convolutional forms, and successfully migrated the high-level features learned by these networks in classification tasks to…”
Privacy and security in mobile technology: A bibliometric analysis for marketing strategies
Euch, H. K. E., Said, F. B., & Jallouli, R. (2025) · Management & Marketing · doi:10.2478/mmcks-2025-0015 · Cited by 1
PlantShield: GLCM and KNN Fusion in CNN for Robust Plant Disease Detection
Gupta, T. S., Kamal, P., Bedi, K. P., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03527-1_38
Hybrid U-Net segmentation of vessels in fundus eye images
Pawlaczyk, L. (2025) · Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems · doi:10.15439/2025f5576
AI-NLP powered assistive technology system for individuals with vocally and hearing impairments
Gandhi, K. I., Jawahar, P. K., & Kannan, G. (2025) · Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/10400435.2025.2571782
ROM-SRAM Hybrid Compute-in-Memory for Edge AI: Circuits, Architectures and ChallengesPreprint
Du, X., Yu, T., Zhou, H., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7749677/v1
Cui, H., Shao, C., Wei, W., et al. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5643294
SWD-DA: Sliced Wasserstein Distance for Manifold-Aware Domain AdaptationPreprint
Mishra, K., & Dutta, T. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5639375
Bainbridge, W. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009343602.007
Bainbridge, W. A. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009343602.005
Su, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2025jd044882
“In terms of DL models, CNNs (Krizhevsky et al., 2017) excel at extracting spatial features and are suitable for processing data with spatial structures.”
Driver Fatigue Detection in Dim Lighting CNN: Model Evaluation and Performance Analysis
Sahu, G. A., Hudnurkar, M., Jadhav, L. R., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1109/eites66543.2025.00018
“Fig.13 Accuracy VS Epoch (100) [3] Since the dataset is specific to dim light scenario the available dataset for training and testing is limited, the total dataset has four thousand images with equal division between open and closed eye images.”
InfluentialBird eye-view to street-view: A survey
Bajbaa, K., Usman, M., Anwar, S., Radwan, I., & Bais, A. (2025) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-025-06940-1 · Cited by 1
Merze, A., & Çelebi, F. V. (2025) · Engineering Science and Technology an International Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2025.102205
Order-Selective Cells Tile Temporal Space and Predict Order Memory in HumansPreprint
Zheng, J., Pavarino, E. C., Skelin, I., Yebra, M., Schwencke, J., Zhu, W., Reed, C. M., Kalia, S. K., Valiante, T. A., Ojemann, S. G., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.24.683575
“…we extracted multiple visual features from frames at event boundaries, including contrast, frame-to-frame similarity, and the first 3 principal components of the features extracted from the penultimate layer (fc6) in a neural network trained for object recognition (AlexNet 18 , see Methods).”
A novel approach for visual and semantic image reconstruction from brain activity
Kalantari, F., Karim Faez, A., Amindavar, H. R., & Nazari, S. (2025) · Array · doi:10.1016/j.array.2025.100556
Artificial intelligence in thoracic surgery: Perspectives and challenges
Liao, W., Peng, B., Ding, G., Li, Z., & Wang, G. (2025) · Surgery in Practice and Science · doi:10.1016/j.sipas.2025.100317 · Cited by 1
“Krizhevsky et al. [38] pioneeringly”
Introduction of triple negative breast cancer and precision medicine
Rane, B. R., Sawant, R. R., Mhatre, P. V., & Kothawade, S. N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33565-5.00004-9
Self-Supervised Vision Graph Neural Networks Based on Contrastive Learning
Li, Y., Han, Y., Qian, J., & Yang, J. J. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3746027.3755590
“This success is largely attributed to architectures such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [15, 19, 21, 26] and Vision Transformers (ViTs) [1, 9, 10, 24, 25, 38].”
Epipolar Consistency-based Network for Structure-Aware LF Semantic Segmentation
Gao, C., Lin, Y., Wang, W., & Zhang, S. (2025) · ACM International Conference on Multimedia (ACM MM) · doi:10.1145/3746027.3754782
Transparent Similarity Estimation of Medieval Pen Flourishing via Local Visual Patterns
Kibler, F., Portos, M. A., Theisen, M., Oliveira, V. A. D. J., Haltrich, M., Zeppelzauer, M., & Seidl, M. (2025) · doi:10.1145/3746273.3760203
“Later developments introduced deep learning models, including fine-tuned Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures such as AlexNet [24] and Inception-ResNetv2 [39], which demonstrated significantly improved accuracy when applied to medieval manuscript datasets [13].”
Spatio-temporal early warning of rockbursts based on modal fusion
Ren, F., Tian, Z., Zhu, C., et al. (2026) · Automation in Construction · doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2025.106622
Zhang, X., Wang, H., & Huang, H. (2025) · Optics and Lasers in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2025.109417
Gao, Z., Zhuang, J., & He, X. (2025) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2025.344701 · Cited by 2
Marathe, A., Chilbule, P., Adaki, A., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-7614-9_17
Speeding-Up Successive Read Operations of STT-MRAM via Read Path Alternation for Delay Symmetry
Kim, T., Hyun, S., Yu, J., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · doi:10.1109/tcsi.2025.3616397
Application of Deep Learning-Based Visual Recognition for the Prevention of Rose Leaf Mite Damage
Zhang, K.-T., Su, C.-H., & Tang, J. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan) · doi:10.1109/icce-taiwan66881.2025.11208032
“AlexNet, pioneered by Krizhevsky et al. [9], has shown promising results in leaf disease detection across various plant species [10].”
BitFleX: Exploiting extreme bit-level sparsity via BTD encoding and dynamic pruning
Xia, C., Zhao, H., Li, Q., & Qiao, S. (2025) · IEICE Electronics Express · doi:10.1587/elex.22.20250409
Jaya, Kumari, R., Vivekanand, V., et al. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111548777-003
Pandya, V., & Upadhyay, K. H. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111548777-006
Adaptive Graph Neural Network-Based Hybrid Approach for Long-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting
Zhang, J., Gai, N., Liu, J., et al. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app152111452
“Nevertheless, shallow TCN might not be able to capture the latent temporal patterns and fine-grained temporal information in PV sequences [21].”
Rock paper scissor game using convolutional neural network and tensor flow
Singh, M. K., Bhardwaj, M. K., Pandey, A., Abhay, A., & Routela, A. S. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0286243
Park, S.-M., Kang, T.-Y., Lee, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Welding and Joining · doi:10.5781/jwj.2025.43.5.9
Lei, T., Wang, R., & Lei, Z. (2025) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi14110419
Harling, E., Pumtako, C., Porr, B., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7585523/v1
Li, X., Ma, J., Tan, P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Zhejiang University: Science A · doi:10.1631/jzus.a2400549
“Since AlexNet (Krizhevsky et al., 2017) was proposed, deep convolu ‐ tional neural networks have gradually become a hot research topic in the field of computer vision.”
Curvilinear Sub-Resolution Assist Feature Placement Through a Data-Driven U-Net Model
Liu, J., He, W., Ding, W., et al. (2025) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi16111229
“The encoder progressively extracts hierarchical features and reduces spatial dimensions through a series of modules, each comprising a strided 3 × 3 convolution, a Batch Normalization layer, and a Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation [28,29].”
Büyükpatpat, H., Sezer, E. A., & Güzel, M. S. (2025) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.70232
“The CNN-based AlexNet [16] In our research, their success was investigated using pretrained models on ImageNet, such as VGG [64], DenseNet [65], MobileNet [66], and EfficientNet [67] on the MedGIFT database.”
Velázquez-Beltrán, A., Olguín-Rojas, J. C., & López-Canteñs, G. D. J. (2025) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-08704-1_23
Citadel : Context Similarity Based Deep Learning Framework Bug Finding
Zhang, X., Zhai, J., Ma, S., Wang, S., & Shen, C. Q. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3773993 · Cited by 2
Integrated monitoring of pests and diseases in paddy plants based on convolutional neural network
Yuliana, M., & Tirtabuana, J. (2025) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/5.0295027
Kinoshita, H., SUGAI, Y., Tanaka, S., et al. (2025) · Tribology online · doi:10.2474/trol.20.206
Ding, X., Li, H., Tang, Y., Lang, X., Lv, W., He, B., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ae19c6 · Cited by 1
“Classical convolutional neural networks (CNNs) (LeCun et al 1998, Zeiler et al 2010, Krizhevsky et al 2017) process imaging data through layers of stacked convolutions, gradually extracting hierarchical features and enhancing classification accuracy.”
The Role of Exposure Time on the Subjective Ratings of Emotional Images in Younger and Older Adults
Kennedy, B. L., Tan, J. W., Grootswagers, T., & Most, S. B. (2025) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-025-00326-9
“Factors that were predictive of valence and arousal rating differences between exposure times were color (especially red) and layers from AlexNet, which simulates levels of processing in the brain (Krizhevsky et al., 2017).”
Lichtenegger, K., Ahammer, F., Schopper, F., Muschick, D., & Gölles, M. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-03098-6_7
Target-Aware Generative Adversarial Network for Domain Adaptive Yolo in Cross Weather
Mane, D., Arora, S., & Shelke, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-5918-0_6
Tensor Train Recurrent Network Language Model Prediction
Murua, A., Ramakrishnan, R. K., Li, X., Yang, R. H., & Nia, V. P. (2025) · Stat · doi:10.1002/sta4.70116 · Cited by 1
“For example, AlexNet takes 1.5 weeks to train on ImageNet (Deng et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2020) on one Nvidia Titanx GPU (Han et al. 2015).”
InfluentialWu, X., Chunyu, N., Feng, L., & Zheng, J. (2025) · Digital Signal Processing · doi:10.1016/j.dsp.2025.105705 · Cited by 1
Lung Cancer Detection Using Hyperparameter Techniques in Machine Learning Model
Madhuri, G., Bhuyan, H. K., & Brahma, B. (2025) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8563-9_61
Detection of Parkinson’s Disease Using Feature Selection in Deep Transfer Learning
Thomas, R., & Sophia, P. E. (2025) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8563-9_11
Testing the limits: exploring adversarial techniques in AI models
Zarras, A., Kollarou, A., Farao, A., Bountakas, P., & Xenakis, C. (2025) · PeerJ Computer Science · doi:10.7717/peerj-cs.3330 · Cited by 1
GLDAN: Global Local Dynamic Attention Network for Remote Sensing Scene Classification
Zhang, H., Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Zhu, J., & Cao, Y. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3729-7_37
Helmet Pose Estimation for Visual Distraction Detection in Motorcycle Riders
Jaisyurrahman, W., Hamami, F., Darmawan, I., et al. (2025) · 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Future Telecommunication Technologies (SOFTT) · doi:10.1109/softt67007.2025.11213252
“Other architectures often employ proven backbones like ResNet [11], MobileNet [12], AlexNet [13], or VGG [14] for feature extraction, followed by a regression head to predict the Euler angles.”
An Adaptive Measurement Method Combining MSE and SSIM for Image Transmission
Cui, H., Qiu, S., Xu, J., & Xu, Y. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications; IEEE International Conference on Smart City; IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Systems (HPCC/SmartCity/DSS) · doi:10.1109/hpcc67675.2025.00204
Heterogeneity-Aware Federated Meta Learning for Personalized Edge Devices
Zhu, Y., Xu, Y., Xu, H., Liao, Y., Yao, Z., & Huang, L. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3627961 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Google (United States) (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2017-05-24
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 84-90
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2163605009
- Cited by
- 112,155
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2710 · 2025: 7710 · 2024: 10211 · 2023: 12267 · 2022: 12280 · 2021: 15497 · 2020: 14538 · 2019: 13976 · 2018: 9999 · 2017: 6661
- FWCI
- 5127.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- neural information processing systems
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- ImageNet, image classification, deep convolutional neural networks, dropout regularization, overfitting
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