The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Open accessAbstract
We trained a large, deep convolutional neural network to classify the 1.2 million high-resolution images in the ImageNet LSVRC-2010 contest into the 1000 different classes. On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively, which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art. The neural network, which has 60 million parameters and 650,000 neurons, consists of five convolutional layers, some of which are followed by max-pooling layers, and three fully connected layers with a final 1000-way softmax. To make training faster, we used non-saturating neurons and a very efficient GPU implementation of the convolution operation. To reduce overfitting in the fully connected layers we employed a recently developed regularization method called "dropout" that proved to be very effective. We also entered a variant of this model in the ILSVRC-2012 competition and achieved a winning top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, compared to 26.2% achieved by the second-best entry.
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42 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Sources not found · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This technique reduces complex co adaptations of neurons, since a neuron cannot rely on the presence of particular other neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper states on p. 1 that dropout prevents complex co-adaptations by randomly omitting hidden units, so a hidden unit cannot rely on other hidden units being present. This directly supports the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is, however, a very efficient version of model combination that only costs about a factor of two during training.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper describes dropout as an efficient way to combine many neural-network models (p. 1). In F.6 Training (p. 17), it reports that ImageNet training took roughly four days with dropout versus two days without it, supporting the approximate factor-of-two training cost. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This scheme reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.7% and 1.2%, respectively, as compared with a net with half as many kernels in each convolutional layer trained on one GPU.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The size of our network made overfitting a significant problem, even with 1.2 million labeled training examples”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“So these data augmentation schemes are, in effect, computationally free.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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“In the field of DL, the CNN is the most famous and commonly employed algorithm [30, 71–75].”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), built for spatial data, have demonstrated performance comparable to that of specialists in cancer detection and tumor segmentation [15,16,17,18,19,20].”
From Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Oncology: From Productivity Enhancement to Creative Discovery (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Deep CNN architectures with 8, even 22 layers [4], [33], can be useful even for CADe problems where the available training datasets are limited.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fully convolutional neural networks (fCNNs) have provided state-of-the-art performance for object classification and image segmentation (1).”
From Fully automated, real-time 3D ultrasound segmentation to estimate first trimester placental volume using deep learning (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The first wave saw the emergence of deep learning as the dominant paradigm for analyzing high-dimensional biological data.”
From The next paradigm in bioinformatics: a review of multi-agent systems and foundational models for end-to-end scientific discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
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In the paper
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.5. Overall architecture
“The third convolutional layer has 384 kernels of size 3 × 3 × 256”
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Hunt, B., Kwan, E., Dosdall, D. J., et al. (2021) · Computing in cardiology · doi:10.23919/cinc53138.2021.9662707 · Cited by 7
Deep Learning for Computer Architects
Reagen, B., Adolf, R., Whatmough, P. N., Wei, G.-Y., & Brooks, D. M. (2017) · Synthesis lectures on computer architecture · doi:10.2200/s00783ed1v01y201706cac041 · Cited by 7
Robust Latent Common Subspace Learning for Transferable Feature Representation
Zhan, S., Sun, W., & Kang, P. (2022) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics11050810 · Cited by 7
Fine-tuning-based Transfer Learning for Characterization of Adeno-Associated Virus
Khan, A. I., Kim, M. J., & Dutta, P. (2022) · Journal of Signal Processing Systems · doi:10.1007/s11265-022-01758-3 · Cited by 8
EfficientUNet: Modified encoder‐decoder architecture for the lung segmentation in chest x‐ray images
Agrawal, T., & Choudhary, P. (2022) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.13012 · Cited by 8
Chain centre loss: A psychology inspired loss function for image sentiment analysis
Liang, Y., Maeda, K., Ogawa, T., et al. (2022) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2022.04.016 · Cited by 7
Retracted: Transfer Learning with Deep Representations is Used to Recognition Yoga Postures
Palanimeera, J., & Ponmozhi, K. (2022) · International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Information and Communication Technologies (ICEEICT) · doi:10.1109/iceeict53079.2022.9768500 · Cited by 7
RetractedCheng, C., & Chen, Y. (2021) · China Automation Congress (CAC) · doi:10.1109/cac53003.2021.9728061 · Cited by 8
Xu, X., An, M., Zhang, J., et al. (2022) · Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine · doi:10.1155/2022/8585036 · Cited by 7
comprehensive approach on predicting the crop yield using hybrid machine learning algorithms
Saravanan, K. S., & Bhagavathiappan, V. (2022) · Journal of Agrometeorology · doi:10.54386/jam.v24i2.1561 · Cited by 7
Transformers for End-to-End InfoSec Tasks
Rudd, E. M., Rahman, M. S., & Tully, P. J. (2022) · doi:10.1145/3494110.3528242 · Cited by 9
A High-similarity shellfish recognition method based on convolutional neural network
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Deep-Learning-Based Intelligent PotholeEye+ Detection Pavement Distress Detection System
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A Real-Time Parking Space Occupancy Detection Using Deep Learning Model
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A Novel Machine-Learning Framework With a Moving Platform for Maritime Drift Calculations
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Anomaly Detection Using Prediction Error with Spatio-Temporal Convolutional LSTM
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ChimeraMix: Image Classification on Small Datasets via Masked Feature Mixing
Reinders, C., Schubert, F., & Rosenhahn, B. (2022) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.24963/ijcai.2022/181 · Cited by 7
Understanding the cost of fitness evaluation for subset selection
Mengshoel, O. J., Flogard, E. L., Yu, T., & Riege, J. (2022) · Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO) · doi:10.1145/3512290.3528689 · Cited by 7
Structured Dynamic Precision for Deep Neural Networks Quantization
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PADAr: physician-oriented artificial intelligence-facilitating diagnosis aid for retinal diseases
Lin, P.-K., Chiu, Y., Huang, C.-J., Wang, C.-Y., Pan, M.-L., Wang, D., Liao, H.-Y. M., Chen, Y., Kuan, C.-H., Lin, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of medical imaging · doi:10.1117/1.jmi.9.4.044501 · Cited by 7
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CRANet: a comprehensive residual attention network for intracranial aneurysm image classification
Zhao, Y., Wang, S., Ren, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-022-04872-y · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Google (United States) (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2017-05-24
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 84-90
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2163605009
- Cited by
- 112,155
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2710 · 2025: 7710 · 2024: 10211 · 2023: 12267 · 2022: 12280 · 2021: 15497 · 2020: 14538 · 2019: 13976 · 2018: 9999 · 2017: 6661
- FWCI
- 5127.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- neural information processing systems
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- ImageNet, image classification, deep convolutional neural networks, dropout regularization, overfitting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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