The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 14 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
Open accessAbstract
We trained a large, deep convolutional neural network to classify the 1.2 million high-resolution images in the ImageNet LSVRC-2010 contest into the 1000 different classes. On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively, which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art. The neural network, which has 60 million parameters and 650,000 neurons, consists of five convolutional layers, some of which are followed by max-pooling layers, and three fully connected layers with a final 1000-way softmax. To make training faster, we used non-saturating neurons and a very efficient GPU implementation of the convolution operation. To reduce overfitting in the fully connected layers we employed a recently developed regularization method called "dropout" that proved to be very effective. We also entered a variant of this model in the ILSVRC-2012 competition and achieved a winning top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, compared to 26.2% achieved by the second-best entry.
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Claims the paper makes
42 Own result · 21 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 4 No full text of the sources · 3 Sources not found · 2 Supported · 2 Not checked yet · 1 Own method
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In the paper
“This technique reduces complex co adaptations of neurons, since a neuron cannot rely on the presence of particular other neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper states on p. 1 that dropout prevents complex co-adaptations by randomly omitting hidden units, so a hidden unit cannot rely on other hidden units being present. This directly supports the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
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In the paper
“There is, however, a very efficient version of model combination that only costs about a factor of two during training.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] 12. Hinton, G., Srivastava, N., Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., Salakhutdinov, R. Improving neural networks by preventing co-adaptation of feature detectors. arXiv preprint arXiv:1207.0580 (2012). source
The paper describes dropout as an efficient way to combine many neural-network models (p. 1). In F.6 Training (p. 17), it reports that ImageNet training took roughly four days with dropout versus two days without it, supporting the approximate factor-of-two training cost. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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In the paper
“This scheme reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.7% and 1.2%, respectively, as compared with a net with half as many kernels in each convolutional layer trained on one GPU.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
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In the paper
“The size of our network made overfitting a significant problem, even with 1.2 million labeled training examples”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“So these data augmentation schemes are, in effect, computationally free.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“This scheme reduces the top-1 and top-5 error rates by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively, as compared with the non overlapping scheme s = 2, z = 2, which produces output of equivalent dimensions.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“This increases the size of our training set by a factor of 2048”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
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In the paper
“Deep CNNs with ReLUs train several times faster than their equivalents with tanh units.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.1. Rectified Linear Unit nonlinearity
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In the paper
“However, we still find that the following local normalization scheme aids generalization.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
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In the paper
“Although the 1000 classes of ILSVRC make each training example impose 10 bits of constraint on the mapping from image to label, this turns out to be insufficient to learn so many parameters without considerable overfitting.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5. REDUCING OVERFITTING
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In the paper
“though the resulting training examples are, of course, highly inter dependent.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Abstract
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In the paper
“We generally observe during training that models with overlapping pooling find it slightly more difficult to overfit.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“a four-layer CNN achieved a 13% test e r r o r r a t e w i t h o u t n o r m a l i z a t i o n a n d 1 1 % w i t h normalization.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“so we used several effective techniques for preventing overfitting”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Response normalization reduces our top-1 and top-5 error rates by 1.4% and 1.2%, respectively.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The two-GPU net takes slightly less time to train than the one-GPU net.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.2. Training on multiple GPUs
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In the paper
“Our network contains a number of new and unusual features which improve its performance and reduce its training time”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Without this scheme, our network suffers from substantial overfitting, which would have forced us to use much smaller networks.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.1. Data augmentation
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, only other types of cat are considered plausible labels for the leopard.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“This initialization accelerates the early stages of learning by providing the ReLUs with positive inputs.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 6. DETAILS OF LEARNING
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In the paper
“Notice that at the pixel level, the retrieved training images are generally not close in L2 to the query images in the first column.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Training one CNN, with an extra sixth convolutional layer over the last pooling layer, to classify the entire ImageNet Fall 2011 release (15M images, 22K categories), and then”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our top-1 and top-5 error rates on this dataset are 67.4% and 40.9%, attained by the net described above but with an additional, sixth convolutional layer over the last pooling layer.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Rests on an assumption: The Fall 2009 ImageNet split used by the authors, which differs from previous authors' splits, does not affect the results appreciably.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This kind of specialization occurs during every run and is independent of any particular random weight initialization (modulo a renumbering of the GPUs).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“The magnitude of the effect demonstrated here varies with network architecture, but networks with ReLUs consistently learn several times faster than equivalents with saturating neurons.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 9. EPILOGUE
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Our network achieves top-1 and top-5 test set error rates of 37.5% and 17.0%, respectively.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 7. RESULTS
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In the paper
“Averaging the predictions of five similar CNNs gives an error rate of 16.4%.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the remainder of this paragraph, we use validation and test error rates interchangeably because in our experience they do not differ by more than 0.1% (see Table 2).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“Notice that even off-center objects, such as the mite in the top-left, can be recognized by the net.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
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In the paper
“All of our experiments suggest that our results can be improved simply by waiting for faster GPUs and bigger datasets to become available.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ReLUs have the desirable property that they do not require input normalization to prevent them from saturating.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
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In the paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) constitute one such class of models.9,15,17,19,21,26,32”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] 9. Fukushima, K. Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position. Biol. Cybern. 36, 4 (1980), 193-202. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Krizhevsky, A. Convolutional deep belief networks on cifar-10. Unpublished manuscript, 2010.
- Not checked yetcites [17] 17. LeCun, Y., Boser, B., Denker, J., Henderson, D., Howard, R., Hubbard, W., Jackel, L., et al. Handwritten digit recognition with a back-propagation network. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (1990).
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In the paper
“However, the immense complexity of the object recognition task means that this problem cannot be specified even by a dataset as large as ImageNet, so our model should also have lots of prior knowledge to compensate for all the data we do not have.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Thus, compared to standard feedforward neural networks with similarly sized layers, CNNs have much fewer connections and parameters and so they are easier to train, while their theoretically best performance is likely to be only slightly worse.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“methods that require careful hand-engineering by a programmer who understands the domain do not scale as well as methods that replace the programmer with a powerful general-purpose learning procedure.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
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In the paper
“Luckily, current GPUs, paired with a highly optimized implementation of 2D convolution, are powerful enough to facilitate the training of interestinglylarge CNNs”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“they also make strong and mostly correct assumptions about the nature of images (namely, stationarity of statistics and locality of pixel dependencies).”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“Despite the attractive qualities of CNNs, and despite the relative efficiency of their local architecture, they have still been prohibitively expensive to apply in large scale to highresolution images.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
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In the paper
“ImageNet, 7 which consists of over 15 million labeled high-resolution images in over 22,000 categories.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] 7. Deng, J., Dong, W., Socher, R., Li, L.-J., Li, K., Fei-Fei, L. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In CVPR09 (2009). source
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In the paper
“which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Abstract
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In the paper
“With enough computation and enough data, learning beats programming for complicated tasks that require the integration of many different, noisy cues.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and recent datasets such as ImageNet contain enough labeled examples to train such models without severe overfitting.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for deep neural networks to shine, they needed far more labeled data and hugely more computation.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 1. PROLOGUE
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If at least some training examples produce a positive input to a ReLU, learning will happen in that neuron.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To learn about thousands of objects from millions of images, we need a model with a large learning capacity.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The constants k, n, α, and β are hyperparameters whose values are determined using a validation set”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.3. Local response normalization
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, on this dataset the primary concern is preventing overfitting, so the effect they are observing is different from the accelerated ability to fit the training set which we report when using ReLUs.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.1. Rectified Linear Unit nonlinearity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“since then the best published results are 45.7% and 25.7% with an approach that averages the predictions of two classifiers trained on Fisher Vectors (FVs) computed from two types of densely sampled features.29”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 7. RESULTS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] 29. Sánchez, J., Perronnin, F. High- dimensional signature compression for large-scale image classification. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011 (2011). IEEE, 1665-1672. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Combining the predictions of many different models is a very successful way to reduce test errors, 1, 3”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but it appears to be too expensive for big neural networks that already take several days to train.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 5.2. Dropout
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The best published results on this dataset are 78.1% and 60.9%.23”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] 23. Mensink, T., Verbeek, J., Perronnin, F., Csurka, G. Metric learning for large scale image classification: Generalizing to new classes at near-zero cost. In ECCV -European Conference on Computer Vision (Florence, Italy, Oct. 2012). source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Objects in realistic settings exhibit considerable variability.
“But objects in realistic settings exhibit considerable variability”
The paper relies on this without support.
Object identity is invariant to changes in the intensity and color of illumination.
“object identity is invariant to changes in the intensity and color of the illumination.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Fall 2009 ImageNet split used by the authors, which differs from previous authors' splits, does not affect the results appreciably.
“Since there is no established test set, our split necessarily differs from the splits used by previous authors, but this does not affect the results appreciably.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the field of DL, the CNN is the most famous and commonly employed algorithm [30, 71–75].”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), built for spatial data, have demonstrated performance comparable to that of specialists in cancer detection and tumor segmentation [15,16,17,18,19,20].”
From Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Oncology: From Productivity Enhancement to Creative Discovery (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Deep CNN architectures with 8, even 22 layers [4], [33], can be useful even for CADe problems where the available training datasets are limited.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Fully convolutional neural networks (fCNNs) have provided state-of-the-art performance for object classification and image segmentation (1).”
From Fully automated, real-time 3D ultrasound segmentation to estimate first trimester placental volume using deep learning (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The first wave saw the emergence of deep learning as the dominant paradigm for analyzing high-dimensional biological data.”
From The next paradigm in bioinformatics: a review of multi-agent systems and foundational models for end-to-end scientific discovery (2026) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Krizhevesky et al. [30] first proposed AlexNet and consequently improved the CNN learning ability by increasing its depth and implementing several parameter optimization strategies.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In deep CNN architecture, AlexNet is highly respected [30], as it achieved innovative results in the fields of image recognition and classification.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Many CNN models, e.g. AlexNet [30], GoogleNet [103], and ResNet [37], have been trained on large datasets such as ImageNet for image recognition purposes.”
From Review of deep learning: concepts, CNN architectures, challenges, applications, future directions (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To avoid model-specific biases, two different AI models, AlexNet [22] and VGG16 [38], were selected for classification.”
From Study on the Helpfulness of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In particular, the choice of this specific size is based on the fact that the AlexNet 34 (and also similar CNN architectures) has been shown to offer satisfactory performances with an input matrix of that size or very similar, albeit for different types of problems with respect to the one presented in this work (e.g., image classification).”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Jung et al. [21] found that a reduction in accuracy does not occur when using only four bits for both weight and activation parameters, even for the ImageNet dataset [32].”
From Zero-Centered Fixed-Point Quantization With Iterative Retraining for Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Object Detectors (2021) · cites this paper as [32]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Feature-based approaches [17,18,19] commonly employ networks pre-trained on ImageNet [20] to map original images into a more distinguishable feature space. These methods are typically characterized by low training costs and outstanding performance.”
From An Unsupervised Method for Industrial Image Anomaly Detection with Vision Transformer-Based Autoencoder (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Over the past several years, the successes of deep learning on visual tasks has critically relied on convolutional neural networks [20, 16].”
From Do Vision Transformers See Like Convolutional Neural Networks? (2021) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A common perception metric is the Learned Perceptual Image Patch Similarity (LPIPS) which uses pre-trained deep neural network backbones such as VGG [9] and AlexNet [22].”
From MTReD: 3D Reconstruction Dataset for Fly-over Videos of Maritime Domain (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Starting with the the success of AlexNet [5] in the ILSVRC challenge [6] in 2012, deep learning models have been outperforming traditional approaches on a number of computer vision problems.”
From Satellite Pose Estimation Challenge: Dataset, Competition Design, and Results (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Real-time volume estimation has been achieved using fully convolutional neural networks (FCNNs) [11] to produce state-of-the-art performance in a range of medical imaging modalities [12].”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Unfortunately, it has been acknowledged that the performance of those hashing schemes may degrade significantly if the projected dimensions are imbalanced [4], [6], [13], i.e., their variances vary a lot.”
From Unsupervised Deep Video Hashing via Balanced Code for Large-Scale Video Retrieval (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“When convolutional RBMs are stacked together, they form convolutional deep belief networks [22].”
From Multimodal emotion recognition using deep learning architectures (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“When a low-capacity model, such as AlexNet, is used for pre-training, little improvement can be obtained when compared to the Resnet50 family [26].”
From Self-supervised learning: A succinct review (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Since its introduction by Krizhevsky et al. [7] in 2012, the CNN model has been successfully applied to a wide range of multimodal applications, such as image dehazing [239, 240] and human activity recognition [241].”
From A survey on deep multimodal learning for computer vision: advances, trends, applications, and datasets (2022) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The AlexNet architecture was published in [4], achieved significantly improved performance over the other non-deep learning methods for ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC) 2012.”
From Deep convolutional neural networks for computer-aided detection: cnn architectures, dataset characteristics and transfer learning (2016) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“focusing on AI and deep learning architectures that have already become the de facto approach.”
From AI in Medical Imaging Informatics: Current Challenges and Future Directions (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“Since then, fueled by the revolutionary results of AlexNet [101] and incarnations of patch-based adaptations of Deep Boltzmann Machines and stacked autoencoders, deep learning based segmentation of anatomy and pathology has witnessed a revolution (see also Table II), where for some tasks now we observe human level performance [102].”
From AI in Medical Imaging Informatics: Current Challenges and Future Directions (2020) · cites this paper as [101]
In the citing paper
“ReLU significantly increases the rate of con-vergence of stochastic gradient descent in comparison with the sigmoid [26].”
From Real-time system for automatic cold strip surface defect detection (2019) · cites this paper as [26]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 2. INTRODUCTION
“we found that removing any convolutional layer (each of which contains no more than 1% of the model's parameters) resulted in inferior performance.”
§ ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks > 4.5. Overall architecture
“The third convolutional layer has 384 kernels of size 3 × 3 × 256”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Skin Disease Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Survey of Models, Datasets, and Clinical Applications
Kanani, C. N., & Jadeja, P. U. (2025) · Cureus Journal of Computer Science. · doi:10.7759/s44389-025-08412-6 · Cited by 1
“…in Translating AI systems from lab prototypes to real-world diagnostics faces numerous challenges: Generalization Across Populations: Most models are trained on limited datasets such as HAM10000 or ISIC, which may not reflect the diversity of global skin types and lesion presentations [59].”
Lv, J., Diao, Y., Zhang, Y., Hou, J., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, X., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Structural Control and Health Monitoring · doi:10.1155/stc/1699730 · Cited by 1
Early lifetime prediction of lithium-ion batteries based on classical image encoding methods
Zhou, S., Wang, Q., & Yang, F. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.138372 · Cited by 2
Phaseper: A Complex-Valued Transformer for Automatic Speech Recognition
del Rio, D. R., & Jaramillo-Villegas, J. A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3606844 · Cited by 1
Automated segmentation of retinal vessel using HarDNet fully convolutional networks
Zhu, Y., Liu, Y., & Zhou, X. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0330641 · Cited by 1
Jiang, H., Wu, P., Zheng, Z., Gu, H., Yi, F., Cui, W., & Lv, C. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25175567 · Cited by 2
“The rise of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [22] has dramatically enhanced video denoising performance.”
Home Robot Interaction Based on EEG Motor Imagery and Visual Perception Fusion
Zhou, T. H., Li, D., Jian, Z., Ding, W., & Wang, L. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25175568 · Cited by 1
“AlexNet proposed by Krizhevsky et al. first achieved breakthrough image classification performance on Ima-geNet [13].”
Jin, H., Zhang, Z., Tong, R., & Song, T. (2025) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym17091485 · Cited by 1
“In embroidery image recognition tasks, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) [9] have shown strong performance in extracting image texture and color features.”
Ji, B. (2025) · ITM Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/itmconf/20257802005 · Cited by 1
Demosaicking Algorithm Using Swin Transformer and Long‐Range Attention Network
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“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been successfully applied to image recognition, segmentation, super-resolution, and denoising tasks (Krizhevsky et al. 2012; He et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016, 2017, 2018; Iizuka et al. 2016; Long et al. 2015; Noh et al. 2015; Xie and Tu 2015; Shen et al.…”
Improving Segmentation Accuracy for Asphalt Pavement Cracks via Integrated Probability Maps
Трач, Р., Tyvoniuk, V., & Trach, Y. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15189865 · Cited by 1
Ezechi, C., Akinsolu, M. O., Sakpere, W., Sangodoyin, A. O., Uyoata, U., Owusu-Nyarko, I., & Akinsolu, F. T. (2025) · Information · doi:10.3390/info16090783 · Cited by 1
“Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) excel at extracting visual features but are less effective for sequential network traffic [114].”
Hassan, M. A., Liaqat, K., & Schaefer, L. A. (2025) · Environmental Science Advances · doi:10.1039/d5va00163c · Cited by 2
BPConvNet: A deep learning based ρ-Filtered layergram reconstruction method for computed tomography
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DMD: Dual attention fusion and multi-scale feature fusion decoding for medical image segmentation
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Kaya, M. K., Arslan, S., Kaya, Ş., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.108359 · Cited by 1
SGBA: Subspace guidance backdoor attack with feature alignment in image classification
Luo, H., Qin, Z., Wang, L., Wu, Z., & Yang, M. (2025) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2025.113857 · Cited by 1
Zhao, Y., Cui, Z., & Song, C. (2025) · Journal of Marine Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1080/20464177.2025.2558424 · Cited by 1
“These improvements have driven the widespread use of DCGAN in the image domain (Krizhevsky et al. 2017; Baek et al. 2019).”
Wu, D., Yang, W., Zou, X., et al. (2025) · Proceedings - ACM IEEE Design Automation Conference · doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132853 · Cited by 1
“3 ⃝ VT200: Training a larger ViT-based MoE model with 181.3 million parameters on Tiny ImageNet [29] dataset using the Adam optimizer with a learning rate of 1e-3.”
InfluentialTagata, H., Sato, T. G., & Awano, H. (2025) · ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC) · doi:10.1109/dac63849.2025.11132097 · Cited by 1
“Deep neural networks (DNNs) are now widely applied in various fields, such as pattern recognition and natural language processing [1]–[3].”
Ji, X., Tang, B., Huang, L., Chen, G., Zhu, X., Fan, D., & Chen, J. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/tgrs.2025.3610513 · Cited by 2
A Taxonomy and Theoretical Analysis of Collapse Phenomena in Unsupervised Representation Learning
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SeismicNoiseAnalyzer: A Deep-Learning Tool for Automatic Quality Control of Seismic Stations
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Color-and-polarization encoded annular LED array for real-time active polarization imaging
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Yuan, L., Shan, S., Chi, Z., et al. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3610469 · Cited by 1
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Zheng, S., & Wang, Y. (2025) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.70197 · Cited by 1
Zhang, Z., Gao, X., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., & Zhao, X. (2025) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.70189 · Cited by 1
“Convolutional neural network consists of an input layer, convolutional layers, pooling layers, fully connected layers and an output layer (Chen, Park, et al. 2019; Chen, Chang, et al. 2019; Krizhevsky et al. 2017).”
Automatic detection of floating aquatic vegetation from remote sensing data
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“About data-driven methods, since the appearance of AlexNet (Krizhevsky, Sutskever, and Hinton 2012), deep neural networks have become state-of-the-art systems for visual recognition.”
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“The DSAT model features a hybrid GAN‐CNN architecture (Chen, Chen, & Hsiao, 2021), incorporating a generative adversarial network (GAN, Goodfellow et al., 2020) module and a polar convolutional neural network (CNN, Chen, Chen, & Hsiao, 2021; Krizhevsky et al., 2012) regressor.”
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“Object recognition, a key aspect of computer vision, has seen advancements such as Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN), which improve the accuracy and efficiency of object detection tasks [6, 7].”
Efficient Ensemble of Pre-Trained CNN Models for Improving Classification of Maize Diseases
Dawadi, P. R., & Silwal, S. (2025) · Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Capsule Networks · doi:10.36548/jaicn.2025.3.003 · Cited by 1
A construction cost estimation system based on case-based reasoning and exponential smoothing
Shen, C., Meng, P. F., Shen, J., & Sun, G. (2025) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114120 · Cited by 10
Automatic recognition of environmental hazards in river and lake ecosystems using deep learning
Song, X., Zuo, G., Wang, X., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2025.1657930 · Cited by 1
Yoo, Y., Hong, S. W., & Lee, J.-K. (2025) · Frontiers of Architectural Research · doi:10.1016/j.foar.2025.08.002 · Cited by 4
Miao, Y., Chen, W., Tian, L., et al. (2025) · Radiation Measurements · doi:10.1016/j.radmeas.2025.107526 · Cited by 1
Orrù, E. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02608-z · Cited by 2
“A milestone for the use of neural networks in computer vision was reached in 2012, when a deep learning-based image recognition model achieved a significant leap in performance compared to previous models during the renowned ImageNet competition (Krizhevsky et al. 2017).”
Головін, О. М., & Сапунова, Н. О. (2025) · Information Technologies and Systems (Інформаційні технології та системи) · doi:10.15407/intechsys.2025.03.056 · Cited by 2
Ma, S., Zhang, K., Yang, Y., et al. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3613999 · Cited by 1
Saha, A., Singh, H., & Maji, S. K. (2025) · Signal Processing Image Communication · doi:10.1016/j.image.2025.117406 · Cited by 1
CAgMLP: An MLP-like architecture with a Cross-Axis gated token mixer for image classification
Jiang, J., Zhang, Q., Cui, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation · doi:10.1016/j.jvcir.2025.104590 · Cited by 1
Research on Understanding and Improving Deep Hashing Retrieval under Incremental Data
Weijian, M., & Xiaoting, L. (2025) · International Conference on IoT, Data Science and Advanced Computing (IDSAC) · doi:10.1109/idsac65763.2025.11170201 · Cited by 1
“In recent years, deep learning methods [3,4] based on deep neural network architectures have emerged as a focal point of interest in both academia and industry.”
Yoon, Y., Song, H.-J., Kim, S. Y., et al. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Circuits and Systems (AICAS) · doi:10.1109/aicas64808.2025.11173150 · Cited by 1
Balendra, Sharma, N., & Sharma, S. (2025) · Computer Methods in Biomechanics & Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1080/10255842.2025.2563351 · Cited by 1
Reinforcement Learning-Based Underwater Video Transmission Against Jamming
Li, S., Li, T., Su, W., et al. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3614646 · Cited by 1
Lightweight Mura Defect Detection via Semantic Interscale Integration and Neighbor Fusion
Wang, Z., He, J., & Chen, H. (2025) · Chinese journal of information fusion. · doi:10.62762/cjif.2025.864944 · Cited by 1
Power-Efficient VLSI Architecture for High-Performance Neural Networks
Geethanjali, M., Jyothi, N. D., Kumar, P. A., et al. (2025) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6515-0_7 · Cited by 1
Multi-parameter prediction of seawater quality based on dynamic spatio-temporal relationship network
Zhu, Q., Qiao, W., Li, X., Zhang, L., Han, J. Y., Shen, Z., Yuan, H., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118753 · Cited by 1
Radar-Based Road Surface Classification Using Range-Fast Fourier Transform Learning Models
Lee, H., Kim, J., Ko, K.-K., Han, H. S., & Youm, M. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25185697 · Cited by 3
“For data preprocessing and augmentation, the input radar images were resized to 224 × 224 RGB format [62], and various techniques were applied, including Gaussian noise (SNR 20–30 dB for normal, 10–20 dB for extreme) and motion blur (kernel 3–7 for normal, 7–15 for extreme), followed by conversion…”
Deep Parenchymal Steatosis Assessment and Quantification in Histopathology
Gupta, R., Nagora, A., Sahshong, P., Parekh, P., Chakraborty, A., & Bhatt, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3615832 · Cited by 1
Multi-Objective Search-Based Repair of Deep Neural Networks
Yao, Y., Li, D., Zhao, M., & Chen, Q. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS) · doi:10.1109/qrs65678.2025.00041 · Cited by 1
“Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been extensively employed in tasks ranging from image recognition [1], speech recognition [2], and machine translation [3] to safety-critical applications such as autonomous driving [4].”
Cheng, H., Shao, C., Tang, K., et al. (2025) · International Conference on Electronic Communication and Artificial Intelligence (ICECAI) · doi:10.1109/icecai66283.2025.11170613 · Cited by 1
“…branch of deep learning, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) can trace their development back to the LeNet model proposed by Yann LeCun in 1989 [1], with a significant milestone achieved in 2012 when AlexNet delivered a breakthrough performance in the ImageNet competition [2], marking the…”
A Modular Perspective on the Evolution of Deep Learning: Paradigm Shifts and Contributions to AI
Wei, Y., Wang, Y., & Watada, J. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app151910539 · Cited by 3
Fang, M., Luo, J., Fan, H., Lu, L., Yang, X., Li, X., Zhao, Y., & Kong, Z. (2025) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2025.3616199 · Cited by 3
Sheinkman, A., & Wade, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-06109-6_8 · Cited by 3
Visual Signal Recognition with ResNet50V2 for Autonomous ROV Navigation in Underwater Environments
Sánchez-Saquín, C. H., Gómez-Hernández, A., Salgado-Jiménez, T., et al. (2025) · Automation · doi:10.3390/automation6040051 · Cited by 1
Hope, T. M. H., Bowman, H., Leff, A. P., & Price, C. J. (2025) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2025.103880 · Cited by 3
“Our deep learning models are convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which have matched or exceeded more classical machine learning approaches on a wide variety of computer vision benchmarks (Krizhevsky et al., 2012).”
Andrianos, C. C., Kostopoulos, S. A., Kalatzis, I. K., Glotsos, D. T., Asvestas, P. A., Cavouras, D., & Athanasiadis, E. I. (2025) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging11100343 · Cited by 4
“These networks, including VGG-16 [35], AlexNet [36], ResNet-50 [37], and InceptionV3 [38], are considered state-of-the-art in medical imaging and deep learning applications, due to their consistently high performance.”
The Bright Side of the Moon: Transfer Learning and Creativity in Machine Learning Practice
Sundberg, L., Lidberg, W., & Holmström, J. (2025) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2025.2565357 · Cited by 1
Zhao, G., Deng, Y., Wei, X., Xu, Z., Deng, X., & Li, H. (2025) · International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2025.106294 · Cited by 2
Dino, H. I., & Hassan, M. M. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106399 · Cited by 3
Behavioral relevance of category selectivity revealed by human ECoG data
Hashemi, S., Ebadi, S. A., Jahromy, F. Z., Treue, S., Kreiman, G., & Esghaei, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0328374 · Cited by 1
“Aligning with this idea, there are proposed object recognition models that construct detailed object representations through hierarchical layering of linear and non-linear processes, assembling a shape feature lexicon that a classifier can decode into categorical labels [13–16].”
Rodriguez, N. G., Mercado, N. C., Panjiyar, K., & Kunwor, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1634694 · Cited by 2
Injectivity of ReLU Layers: Tools from Frame Theory
Haider, D., Ehler, M., & Balázs, P. (2025) · Mathematical Foundations of Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s44439-025-00003-6 · Cited by 1
Cheng, J., Wen, G., Liu, X., et al. (2025) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2025.3617093 · Cited by 1
“Since AlexNet [22] achieved great success in the Ima-geNet large-scale visual recognition challenge (ILSVRC), deep learning-based computer vision techniques has attracted tremendous attentions in recent years.”
López-Jiménez, A. T., Brokatzky, D., Pillay, K., Williams, T., Güler, G. Ö., & Mostowy, S. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.97495.3 · Cited by 1
Cao, J., Liu, W., Zhang, M., Wang, L., & Peng, J. (2025) · Advanced Quantum Technologies · doi:10.1002/qute.202500072 · Cited by 1
Bonhoeffer, S., Selbmann, A., Angst, D. C., Ochsner, N., Miller, P. J. O., Samarra, F. I. P., & Baumgartner, C. D. (2025) · Marine Mammal Science · doi:10.1111/mms.70083 · Cited by 3
“More recently, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs; introduced by LeCun et al. 1998) have proven highly capable of recognizing acoustic signals from their spectrogram representations, following on their success in fields like computer vision (Krizhevsky et al. 2017).”
Li, Y., Wang, D., Lu, H., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Su, B., Yang, J., Cao, F., & Ning, X. (2025) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios15100680 · Cited by 1
“…mechanism introduced in this paper, we use the long short-term memory network [31] (LSTM), gated unit network [32] (GRU), AlexNet neural network [33], FasterRCNN network [34], and DenseNet121 network [35], VGG16 [24] network and other common classification networks are used as network skeletons…”
Querying large video datasets: a systematic literature review
Kossoski, C., Lopes, H. S., & Simão, J. M. (2025) · Journal of Internet Services and Applications · doi:10.5753/jisa.2025.5495 · Cited by 1
Exploring automated machine learning to develop facial expression recognition systems
Goel, A., Saurabh, P., Bisen, D., et al. (2025) · Discover Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-025-07728-1 · Cited by 1
“Later, Krizhevsky et al. [20] On the other hand, Lopes et al. [22] 2022 developed a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model for facial expression recognition (FER) with specific image pre-processing techniques.”
Ji, P., Dun, X., Xing, Y., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Imaging · doi:10.1109/tci.2025.3619811 · Cited by 1
Enhancing Sentiment Analysis via a Synonym-Aware Objective Function in Deep Hybrid Framework
Dey, R. K., & Das, A. K. (2025) · doi:10.1109/ciacon65473.2025.11189376 · Cited by 1
“Among deep networks, Convolutional Neural Networks or CNNs are very effective for computer vision activities, delivering high accuracy results [25].”
An Advanced CNN–LSTM–Attention Framework for the Detection of GNSS Spoofing Interference
Shan, C., Wang, Q., Dong, Y., et al. (2025) · International Symposium on Semiconductor and Electronic Technology (ISSET) · doi:10.1109/isset66828.2025.11184948 · Cited by 1
“…layers are stacked to perform one-dimensional convolutions across the feature dimension of the input; the operation is defined as in Eq [9] : 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑓𝑓 ( 𝑊𝑊 × 𝑋𝑋 + 𝑏𝑏 ) In this equation, 𝑋𝑋 represents the input data vector; 𝑊𝑊 is the convolutional kernel weight matrix; is…”
Maviane-Macia, F., Wiedemann‐Merdinoglu, S., Rousseau, D., & Peeters, N. M. (2025) · Plant Methods · doi:10.1186/s13007-025-01432-2 · Cited by 2
Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Shen, X., & Zou, L. (2025) · Computer Vision and Image Understanding · doi:10.1016/j.cviu.2025.104523 · Cited by 3
DiffMixer: A prediction model based on mixing different frequency features
Zhang, S., Yi, H., Zeng, F., Zhang, X., Fu, Z., & An, D. (2025) · Neural Networks · doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2025.108188 · Cited by 2
Memory Experts Aggregation for Visual Place Recognition
Zhou, K., Zhang, Q., Ren, Z., Kuang, Y., & Cheng, J. S. (2025) · Guidance Navigation and Control · doi:10.1142/s2737480725500402 · Cited by 1
Alshdaifat, E. H., Sindiani, A., Alhatamleh, S., Mhanna, H. Y. A., Madain, R., Amin, M., Malkawi, M., Jaradat, A. S., Akhdar, H., Gharaibeh, H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1608386 · Cited by 2
Ultra-Compact Inverse-Designed Integrated Photonic Matrix Compute Core
Li, M., Wang, T., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics12100997 · Cited by 1
Rajpoot, A. S., Dixit, R., & Shukla, A. (2025) · International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology · doi:10.1002/ima.70219 · Cited by 2
AsphaltCrackNet: A Novel Architecture for Classifying Cracks in Asphalt Pavement
Fischer-Brandies, L., Bertram, S., Mai, C., & Buettner, R. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3620212 · Cited by 2
SIPHON: Silicon Photonic Computing-Based Chiplet Accelerator for Deep Learning
Xia, C., Zhang, H., Chen, Y., & Barnard, A. S. (2025) · IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/jetcas.2025.3619942 · Cited by 1
A pectoral muscle suppression approach for improved deep learning-based mammogram image analysis
Chowdhary, J., Sankaran, P., & Kurup, S. (2025) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2025.108843 · Cited by 1
Habrat, M., Sitek, L., & Młynarczuk, M. (2025) · Computational Geosciences · doi:10.1007/s10596-025-10385-3 · Cited by 1
“The evaluated approaches included training models from scratch (custom models 1–3), initializing an untrained architecture using the AlexNet network [26] (custom model 4), and utilizing 11 pre-trained models trained on the ImageNet dataset.”
The origin of cognitive modules for face processing: A computational evolutionary perspective
Liu, J., Wang, X., & Liu, J. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106341 · Cited by 2
Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, B., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3620594 · Cited by 1
Hierarchical Semantic Compression for Consistent Image Semantic Restoration
Li, S., Zhang, Z., Xu, M., et al. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Image Processing · doi:10.1109/tip.2025.3618379 · Cited by 2
Lianbiaklal, S., & Rehman, V. (2025) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-11-2024-5602 · Cited by 1
Dynamic token sampling for efficient unmanned aerial vehicles transformer tracking
Du, G., Zhou, P., Yadikar, N., Aysa, A., & Ubul, K. (2025) · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.112610 · Cited by 1
Chowdhury, A. I., Heinaro, E., Tanhuanpää, T., et al. (2025) · Remote Sensing Applications Society and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2025.101755 · Cited by 1
Evaluatology-driven artificial intelligence
Kang, G., Gao, W., & Zhan, J. (2025) · BenchCouncil Transactions on Benchmarks Standards and Evaluations · doi:10.1016/j.tbench.2025.100245 · Cited by 1
TimeGAN-based Approach for Power Load Timing Data Enhancement
Zhang, H., Suo, L., Tang, J., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1109/iccepe66357.2025.11193325 · Cited by 1
“In this paper, both generators and discriminators use Binary Cross-Entropy Loss (BCE Loss) [14] to compute their losses, which is a common loss function used in machine learning to evaluate the difference between model predictions and true labels.”
Wang, H., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · Journal of Real-Time Image Processing · doi:10.1007/s11554-025-01785-w · Cited by 1
“The introduction of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has enabled automatic extraction of efficient features for image representation [17].”
He, S., Wang, M., Forgione, N., Pucciarelli, A., Tian, W., Qiu, S., & Su, G. H. (2025) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109868 · Cited by 1
Deep Relevance Hashing for Remote Sensing Image Retrieval
Liu, X., Chen, X., & Zhu, G. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25206379 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., & Hinton, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Google (United States) (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 2017-05-24
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 84-90
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2163605009
- Cited by
- 112,155
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2710 · 2025: 7710 · 2024: 10211 · 2023: 12267 · 2022: 12280 · 2021: 15497 · 2020: 14538 · 2019: 13976 · 2018: 9999 · 2017: 6661
- FWCI
- 5127.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
- neural information processing systems
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques
- Keywords
- ImageNet, image classification, deep convolutional neural networks, dropout regularization, overfitting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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