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DolphinAttack: Inaudible Voice Commands
Abstract
Speech recognition (SR) systems such as Siri or Google Now have become an increasingly popular human-computer interaction method, and have turned various systems into voice controllable systems (VCS). Prior work on attacking VCS shows that the hidden voice commands that are incomprehensible to people can control the systems. Hidden voice commands, though "hidden", are nonetheless audible. In this work, we design a totally inaudible attack, DolphinAttack, that modulates voice commands on ultrasonic carriers (e.g., f > 20 kHz) to achieve inaudibility. By leveraging the nonlinearity of the microphone circuits, the modulated low-frequency audio commands can be successfully demodulated, recovered, and more importantly interpreted by the speech recognition systems. We validated DolphinAttack on popular speech recognition systems, including Siri, Google Now, Samsung S Voice, Huawei HiVoice, Cortana and Alexa. By injecting a sequence of inaudible voice commands, we show a few proof-of-concept attacks, which include activating Siri to initiate a FaceTime call on iPhone, activating Google Now to switch the phone to the airplane mode, and even manipulating the navigation system in an Audi automobile. We propose hardware and software defense solutions, and suggest to re-design voice controllable systems to be resilient to inaudible voice command attacks.
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Cited by
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Nguyen, T. D., Marchal, S., Miettinen, M., Fereidooni, H., Asokan, N., & Sadeghi, A.-R. (2019) · 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS) · doi:10.1109/icdcs.2019.00080 · Cited by 663
Khraisat, A., & Alazab, A. (2021) · Cybersecurity · doi:10.1186/s42400-021-00077-7 · Cited by 508
SoK: Security Evaluation of Home-Based IoT Deployments
Alrawi, O., Lever, C., Antonakakis, M., & Monrose, F. (2019) · 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) · doi:10.1109/sp.2019.00013 · Cited by 391
A general framework for adversarial examples with objectives
Sharif, M., Bhagavatula, S., Bauer, L., & Reiter, M. K. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security · doi:10.1145/3317611 · Cited by 200
Metadata
- Authors
- Zhang, G., Yan, C., Ji, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, T., & Xu, W.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2017-10-30
- Pages
- 103-117
- OpenAlex
- W4300824008
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 20.20
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: DolphinAttack: Inaudible Voice Commands. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/3133956.3134052
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- Zhang, G., Yan, C., Ji, X., Zhang, T., Zhang, T., & Xu, W. (2017). DolphinAttack: Inaudible Voice Commands. Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. https://doi.org/10.1145/3133956.3134052
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