Spams meet Cryptocurrencies: Sextortion in the Bitcoin Ecosystem

Usenix Security Symposium

(2011) · IEEE Software · doi:10.1109/ms.2011.67 · Cited by 2,038 · see citing works

A fistful of bitcoins

Meiklejohn, S., Pomarole, M., Jordan, G., Levchenko, K., McCoy, D., Voelker, G. M., & Savage, S. (2013) · ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC) · doi:10.1145/2504730.2504747 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works

Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph

Ron, D., & Shamir, A. (2013) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39884-1_2 · Cited by 1,019 · see citing works

An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System

Reid, F., & Harrigan, M. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-4139-7_10 · Cited by 786 · see citing works

An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System

Reid, F., & Harrigan, M. (2011) · doi:10.1109/passat/socialcom.2011.79 · Cited by 581 · see citing works

Spamalytics

Kanich, C., Kreibich, C., Levchenko, K., Enright, B., Voelker, G. M., Paxson, V., & Savage, S. (2008) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/1455770.1455774 · Cited by 323 · see citing works

BitIodine: Extracting Intelligence from the Bitcoin Network

Spagnuolo, M., Maggi, F., & Zanero, S. (2014) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_29 · Cited by 307 · see citing works

Detection of review spam: A survey

Heydari, A., Tavakoli, M. A., Salim, N. B., & Heydari, Z. (2014) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2014.12.029 · Cited by 301 · see citing works

Aleksander Berentsen Recommends “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” by Satoshi Nakamoto

Berentsen, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17740-9_3 · Cited by 260 · see citing works

Click Trajectories: End-to-End Analysis of the Spam Value Chain

Levchenko, K., Pitsillidis, A., Chachra, N., Enright, B., Félegyházi, M., Grier, C., Halvorson, T., Kanich, C., Kreibich, C., Liu, H., et al. (2011) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp.2011.24 · Cited by 254 · see citing works

Ransomware payments in the Bitcoin ecosystem

Paquet-Clouston, M., Haslhofer, B., & Dupont, B. (2019) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyz003 · Cited by 240 · see citing works

Rank transformations and the power of the Student t test and Welch t' test for non-normal populations with unequal variances.

Zimmerman, D. W., & Zumbo, B. D. (1993) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/h0078850 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Tracking Ransomware End-to-end

Huang, D. Y., Aliapoulios, M., Li, V. G., Invernizzi, L., Bursztein, E., McRoberts, K., Levin, J., Levchenko, K., Snoeren, A. C., & McCoy, D. (2018) · IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S&P) · doi:10.1109/sp.2018.00047 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

BlockSci: Design and applications of a blockchain analysis platformPreprint

Kalodner, H., Goldfeder, S., Chator, A., Möser, M., & Narayanan, A. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1709.02489 · Cited by 164 · see citing works

The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Address Clustering

Harrigan, M., & Fretter, C. (2016) · IEEE Smart World Congress and International Conferences on Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced and Trusted Computing, Scalable Computing and Communications, Cloud and Big Data Computing, Internet of People (SmartWorld/UIC/ATC/ScalCom/CBDCom/IoP) · doi:10.1109/uic-atc-scalcom-cbdcom-iop-smartworld.2016.0071 · Cited by 153 · see citing works

The underground economy of spam: a botmaster's perspective of coordinating large-scale spam campaigns

Stone-Gross, B., Holz, T., Stringhini, G., & Vigna, G. (2011) · Cited by 152 · see citing works

6 million spam tweets: A large ground truth for timely Twitter spam detection

Chen, C., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Xiang, Y., & Zhou, W. (2015) · International Conference on Communications · doi:10.1109/icc.2015.7249453 · Cited by 135 · see citing works

The Economics of Spam

Rao, J. M., & Reiley, D. (2012) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.26.3.87 · Cited by 126 · see citing works

SoK: Everyone Hates Robocalls: A Survey of Techniques Against Telephone Spam

Tu, H., Doupe, A., Zhao, Z., & Ahn, G.-J. (2016) · 2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) · doi:10.1109/sp.2016.27 · Cited by 89 · see citing works

HSpam14

Sedhai, S., & Sun, A. (2015) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/2766462.2767701 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Identifying Bitcoin users by transaction behavior

Monaco, J. V. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2177039 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

The harvester, the botmaster, and the spammer

Stringhini, G., Hohlfeld, O., Kruegel, C., & Vigna, G. (2014) · ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ASIA CCS) · doi:10.1145/2590296.2590302 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Evolution of the Bitcoin Address Graph

Filtz, E., Polleres, A., Karl, R., & Haslhofer, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-19287-7_11 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Economic Analysis of RansomwarePreprint

Hernandez-Castro, J. C., Cartwright, E. J., & Stepanova, A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2937641 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Cryptocurrency Scams: Analysis and Perspectives

Bartoletti, M., Lande, S., Loddo, A., Pompianu, L., & Serusi, S. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3123894 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Knowledge Discovery in Cryptocurrency Transactions: A Survey

Liu, X. F., Jiang, X.-J., Liu, S.-H., & Tse, C. K. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3062652 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

Supervised learning model for identifying illegal activities in Bitcoin

Nerurkar, P., Bhirud, S. G., Patel, D., Ludinard, R., Busnel, Y., & Kumari, S. (2020) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-020-02048-w · Cited by 76 · see citing works

A survey on security challenges and solutions in the IOTA

Conti, M., Kumar, G., Nerurkar, P., Saha, R., & Vigneri, L. (2022) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103383 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Sextortion: A Scoping Review

Ray, A., & Henry, N. (2025) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241277271 · Cited by 76 · see citing works

Tracing Cryptocurrency Scams: Clustering Replicated Advance-Fee and Phishing Websites

Phillips, R. C., & Wilder, H. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC) · doi:10.1109/icbc48266.2020.9169433 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Don’t Fish in Troubled Waters! Characterizing Coronavirus-themed Cryptocurrency Scams

Xia, P., Wang, H., Luo, X., Wu, L., Zhou, Y., Bai, G., Xu, G., Huang, G., & Liu, X. (2020) · APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime) · doi:10.1109/ecrime51433.2020.9493255 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Tracking Counterfeit Cryptocurrency End-to-end

Gao, B., Wang, H., Xia, P., Wu, S., Zhou, Y., Luo, X., & Gareth Tyson, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3428335 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

BABD: A Bitcoin Address Behavior Dataset for Pattern Analysis

Xiang, Y., Lei, Y., Ding, B. F., Li, T., Yang, Q., Liu, W., Ren, W., & Choo, K. R. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security · doi:10.1109/tifs.2023.3347894 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Illegal activity detection on bitcoin transaction using deep learning

Nerurkar, P. (2023) · Soft Computing · doi:10.1007/s00500-022-07779-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

From payday to payoff: Exploring the money laundering strategies of cybercriminals

Nazzari, M. (2023) · Trends in Organized Crime · doi:10.1007/s12117-023-09505-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Mapping the DeFi crime landscape: an evidence-based picture

Carpentier-Desjardins, C., Paquet-Clouston, M., Kitzler, S., & Haslhofer, B. (2024) · Journal of Cybersecurity · doi:10.1093/cybsec/tyae029 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Watch Your Back

Gómez, G., Moreno-Sánchez, P., & Caballero, J. (2022) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/3548606.3560587 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

On the motivations and challenges of affiliates involved in cybercrime

Paquet-Clouston, M., & García, S. (2022) · Trends in Organized Crime · doi:10.1007/s12117-022-09474-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works

GraphSense: A General-Purpose Cryptoasset Analytics PlatformPreprint

Haslhofer, B., Stütz, R., Romiti, M., & King, R. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.13613 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

An ego network analysis of sextortionists

Oggier, F., Datta, A., & Phetsouvanh, S. (2020) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-020-00650-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Lost in the Maze: Disentangling the Behavioral Variety of Money Laundering

Nazzari, M. (2023) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-023-09572-8 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

How do Ivorian Cyberfraudsters Manage Their Criminal Proceeds?

Cretu-Adatte, C., Zbinden, R., Brunoni, L., Bunning, H., Azi, J. W., & Beaudet-Labrecque, O. (2024) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-024-09597-7 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

CLTracer: A Cross-Ledger Tracing framework based on address relationships

Zhang, Z., Yin, J., Hu, B., Gao, T., Li, W., Wu, Q., & Liu, J. (2021) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2021.102558 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Towards Understanding and Characterizing the Arbitrage Bot Scam In the Wild

Li, K., Guan, S., & Lee, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3626783 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Bitcoin research with a transaction graph dataset

Schnoering, H., & Vazirgiannis, M. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-04684-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Online sextortion: Characteristics of offences from a decade of community reporting

Edwards, M., & Hollely, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Economic Criminology · doi:10.1016/j.jeconc.2023.100038 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Leveraging Blockchain for Ethical AI: Mitigating Digital Threats and Strengthening Societal Resilience

Norta, A., Udokwu, C. J., Voicu-Dorobanţu, R., Ogunyemi, A. A., Sturua, N., & Craß, S. (2025) · Future Internet · doi:10.3390/fi17070309 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Cybercrime Specialization: An Exposé of a Malicious Android Obfuscation-as-a-Service

Sembera, V., Paquet-Clouston, M., García, S., & Erquiaga, M. J. (2021) · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW) · doi:10.1109/eurospw54576.2021.00029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Cybercrime Bitcoin Revenue Estimations: Quantifying the Impact of Methodology and Coverage

Gómez, G., van Liebergen, K., & Caballero, J. (2023) · ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS) · doi:10.1145/3576915.3623094 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Forsage: Anatomy of a Smart-Contract Pyramid Scheme

Kell, T., Yousaf, H., Allen, S., Meiklejohn, S., & Juels, A. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47751-5_14 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Tracking Counterfeit Cryptocurrency End-to-end

Gao, B., Wang, H., Xia, P., Wu, S., Zhou, Y., Luo, X., & Gareth Tyson, A. (2021) · ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS) · doi:10.1145/3410220.3456282 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Give and Take: An End-To-End Investigation of Giveaway Scam Conversion Rates

Liu, E., Kappos, G., Mugnier, E., Invernizzi, L., Savage, S., Tao, D. D. J., Thomas, K., Voelker, G. M., & Meiklejohn, S. (2024) · ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC) · doi:10.1145/3646547.3689005 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

A Large-Scale Bitcoin Abuse Measurement and Clustering Analysis Utilizing Public Reports

Choi, J., Jaehan, K. I. M., Song, M., Hanna, K. I. M., Nahyeon, P. A. R. K., Seo, M.-J., Youngjin, J. I. N., & Shin, S. (2022) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2021edp7182 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Examining Financial Trails of Online Frauds and Money Laundering Choices of Cybercriminals

Bekkers, L., Snaphaan, T., & Leukfeldt, R. (2026) · European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10610-026-09663-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

THE FUSION OF BLOCKCHAIN, PORNOGRAPHY AND HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN A GLOBAL DIGITAL DRAGNET THAT FORMS THE ONLINE CHILD SEX TRAFFICKING.

Noval, S. M. R. (2023) · Russian Law Journal · doi:10.52783/rlj.v11i5s.891 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

All Your LLMs Belong to Us: Experiments with a New Extortion Phishing Dataset

Qachfar, F. Z., & Verma, R. M. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-65172-4_15 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

On the Dark Side of the Coin: Characterizing Bitcoin Use for Illicit Activities

Rosenquist, H., Hasselquist, D., Arlitt, M. F., & Carlsson, N. F. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56252-5_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Discovering Message Templates on Large Scale Bitcoin Abuse Reports Using a Two-Fold NLP-Based Clustering Method

Choi, J., Taehwa, L. E. E., Kim, K., Seo, M.-J., Cui, J., & Shin, S. (2022) · IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems · doi:10.1587/transinf.2021edl8092 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Exploring Unconfirmed Transactions for Effective Bitcoin Address Clustering

Wang, K., Cheng, Y., Tong, M. W., Niu, Z., Pang, J., & Han, W. (2024) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3589334.3645684 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Tracking Counterfeit Cryptocurrency End-to-end

Gao, B., Wang, H., Xia, P., Wu, S., Zhou, Y., Luo, X., & Gareth Tyson, A. (2021) · ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review · doi:10.1145/3543516.3456282 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Increasing the Efficiency of Cryptoasset Investigations by Connecting the Cases

Haslhofer, B., Hanslbauer, C., Fröwis, M., & Goger, T. (2023) · APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime) · doi:10.1109/ecrime61234.2023.10485550 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Detection of Spam Transactions in Blockchain by Graph Analysis

Kouame, R. M., Saito, K., & Inaba, H. (2022) · IEEE Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE) · doi:10.1109/gcce56475.2022.10014194 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

CyberDART: A Corporate Federation System for Mitigating Email Threats

Stryczek, S., Gwiazdowicz, M., Gozdecki, J., Kosek‐Szott, K., Rapacz, N., Rza̧sa, J., Szott, S., & Natkaniec, M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3516657 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Offchain Runtime Verification (for The Tezos Blockchain)

Capretto, M., Ceresa, M., Gorostiaga, F., Macías, F., Pedregal, P., & Sánchez, C. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82349-7_17 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Bitcoin Flows from Sanctioned Sources

Flodmark, A., Samuelson, R., Hasselquist, D., Arlitt, M. F., & Carlsson, N. F. (2025) · Conference on Local Computer Networks · doi:10.1109/lcn65610.2025.11146304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Two-step email spam detection: comparing machine and deep learning accuracy

Salhi, D. E., Rawashdeh, M., Bdair, T. M., & Zamil, M. G. H. A. (2025) · Electrotehnica Electronica Automatica · doi:10.46904/eea.25.73.2.1108011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Using Venom to Flip the Coin and Peel the Onion: Measurement Tool and Dataset for Studying the Bitcoin - Dark Web Synergy: Data/Toolset Paper

Ingemarsson, L., Karlsson, K. D., & Carlsson, N. F. (2024) · ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy (CODASPY) · doi:10.1145/3714393.3726488 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Linking Cryptoasset Attribution Tags to Knowledge Graph Entities: An LLM-Based Approach

Avice, R., Haslhofer, B., Li, Z., & Zhou, J. J. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07035-7_22 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

International Law, Technology, and Gender-Based Violence

Rigotti, C. (2024) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.822 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

CAAW’22: 2022 International Workshop on Cryptoasset Analytics

Victor, F., Haslhofer, B., Gupta, S. S., Möser, M., & Böhme, R. (2022) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3487553.3524882

CAAW’23: The 2nd International Cryptoasset Analytics Workshop

Haslhofer, B., Victor, F., Strohmaier, M., & Xu, J. (2023) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/3543873.3589748

Real-CATS: A Practical Training Ground for Emerging Research on Cryptocurrency Cybercrime Detection

Shi, J., Duan, C., Lei, H., & Wang, L. (2026) · International Conference on Networking and Network Applications (NaNA) · doi:10.23919/nanacps00070.2026.00020

Next One: Predicting the Future Transaction of Illicit Address in Bitcoin Transaction Network by Graph Neural Network

Yong, Z., Ding, B. F., Xiong, R., Ren, W., Wu, C., Li, H., Sun, H., & Chen, S. (2025) · Blockchain Research and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.bcra.2025.100415

Unicorns in the Wild West: Empirical Analysis of Cybercrime Facilitated by Cryptocurrencies

Mukherjee, A., & Moore, T. (2025) · APWG Symposium on Electronic Crime Research (eCrime) · doi:10.1109/ecrime66972.2025.11327757

Spams meet Cryptocurrencies: Sextortion in the Bitcoin EcosystemPreprint

Paquet-Clouston, M., Romiti, M., Haslhofer, B., & Charvat, T. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1908.01051 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Uncovering Cryptocurrency-Enabled Sextortion: A Blockchain Forensic Analysis of Transactions and Offender Laundering Tactics

Choi, K.-S., Chawki, M., & Basu, S. (2026) · Information · doi:10.3390/info17030236 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Characterizing Bitcoin Spam Emails : An analysis of what makes certain Bitcoin spams generate millions of dollars

Flodmark, A., & Jakum, M. (2022) · DiVA (Linkoping University)

Stressing Out: Bitcoin “Stress Testing”

Baqer, K., Huang, D. Y., McCoy, D., & Weaver, N. C. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

An ego network analysis of sextortionists

Oggier, F., Datta, A., & Phetsouvanh, S. (2020) · Social Network Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1007/s13278-020-00650-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works