Outlier Detection: Methods, Models, and Classification

Boukerche, Azzedine, Zheng, Lining, Alfandi, Omar·2021·ACM Computing Surveys
DOI 10.1145/3381028

Cited by (338)

Items 101–200 of 338

  1. An outlier detection and recovery method based on moving least squares quasi-interpolation scheme and ł0 ł0 -minimization problem
    Sanpeng Zheng, Renzhong Feng, Aitong Huang · 2023 · Applied Mathematical Modelling
  2. Imperceptible graph injection attack on graph neural networks
    Yang Chen, Zhonglin Ye, Zhaoyang Wang, Haixing Zhao · 2023 · Complex & Intelligent Systems
  3. Research on Anomaly Detection in Time Series: Exploring United States Exports and Imports Using Long Short-Term Memory
    Sakshi AGGARWAL · 2023 · Journal of Research Innovation and Technologies
  4. Unraveling urban multi-modal travel patterns and anomalies: a data-driven approach
    Ali Shateri Benam, Angelo Furno, Nour‐Eddin El Faouzi · 2025 · Urban Planning and Transport Research
  5. IOGOD: An interpretable outlier generation-based outlier detector for categorical databases
    Michael Alexander Zenkl Galaz, Octavio Loyola‐González, Miguel Angel Medina‐Pérez · 2022 · Expert Systems with Applications
  6. Autoencoders with exponential deviation loss for weakly supervised anomaly detection
    Min-Seong Kwon, Yong-Geun Moon, Byungju Lee, Jung-Hoon Noh · 2023 · Pattern Recognition Letters
  7. Reliable Quality Traceability for Tilapia Cold Chain Using Blockchain and Machine Learning Techniques
    Huanhuan Feng, Jiaxin Fan, Yuxi Ji, Branko Glamuzina, Ruiqin Ma · 2024 · Journal of Food Process Engineering
  8. Optimizing deep neural networks for nuclear power plant temperature estimation: A study on feature importance and outlier detection
    Bernardo Mendonça Caixeta, João V.S. A. Guimaraes, Marcelo Carvalho dos Santos, Matheus C. Silva, Andressa S. Nicolau, Roberto Schirru, Da Silva M. Candeias, Grazielle Frazão Muzitano, Justino M. Castro · 2025 · Progress in Nuclear Energy
  9. Toward Explainable AI in Spacecraft Health Monitoring: Comparative Benchmarking of Anomaly Detection Models and Open-Source Datasets
    Hassan Tahir, Mohammad Reza Jabbarpour, Quoc Bao Vo, Ryszard Kowalczyk, James Barr, Travis Bessell · 2025 · IEEE Access
  10. Cracking black-box models: Revealing hidden machine learning techniques behind their predictions
    Raül Fabra-Boluda, Cèsar Ferri, José Hernández‐Orallo, Marïa José Ramírez-Quintana, Fernando Martínez‐Plumed · 2024 · Intelligent Data Analysis
  11. A Comprehensive Guideline for Hybrid Modeling of Engineered Microbial Processes
    Zhang Cheng, Weibo Xia, Jun-Jie Zhu, Jun Cao, Zhiyong Jason Ren, Heyang Yuan · 2025 · Water Research
  12. Enhancing moisture detection in coal gravels: A deep learning-based adaptive microwave spectra fusion method
    Jun Tian, Ming Li, Xiaofu Zhang, Meng Lei, Ke Lin, Liang Zou · 2024 · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
  13. Outlier detection in temporal and spatial sequences via correlation analysis based on graph neural networks
    Yan Gao, Qingquan Lin, Shuang Ye, Yu Cheng, Tao Zhang, Bin Liang, Weining Lu · 2024 · Displays
  14. Graph Regularized Deep Sparse Representation for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection
    Shicheng Li, Shumin Lai, Yan Jiang, Wenle Wang, Yugen Yi · 2021 · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
  15. Gen2Out: Detecting and Ranking Generalized Anomalies
    Meng-Chieh Lee, Shubhranshu Shekhar, Christos Faloutsos, Timothy Noah Hutson, Leonidas D. Iasemidis · 2021 · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)
  16. Interpretable transformation and analysis of timelines through learning via surprisability
    Osnat Mokryn, Teddy Lazebnik, Hagit Ben Shoshan · 2025 · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science
  17. AI-Driven Multiagent IoT System for Energy Consumption Anomaly Detection
    Iren Lorenzo Fonseca, Francisco Maciá Pérez, Alex Maciá-Fiteni, Lucía Arnau Muñoz · 2025 · IEEE Internet of Things Journal
  18. Anomaly detection in the course evaluation process: a learning analytics–based approach
    Anagha Vaidya, Sarika Sharma · 2023 · Interactive Technology and Smart Education
  19. Zero-Norm ELM with Non-convex Quadratic Loss Function for Sparse and Robust Regression
    Xiaoxue Wang, Kuaini Wang, Yanhong She, Jinde Cao · 2023 · Neural Processing Letters
  20. A Novel Framework for Image Matching and Stitching for Moving Car Inspection under Illumination Challenges
    Andreas El Saer, Λάζαρος Γραμματικόπουλος, Giorgos Sfikas, George C. Karras, Έλλη Πέτσα · 2024 · Sensors
  21. Support Vector Based Anomaly Detection in Federated Learning
    Massimo Frasson, Dario Malchiodi · 2024 · Communications in computer and information science
  22. Central Tendency Data Real-Time Acid Rain Measurement to Evaluate Tool’s Performance Using Statistical Analysis
    Ardiansyah Ramadhan, Indra Chandra, Wiwiek Setyawati, Dyah Aries Tanti, Asri Indrawati, Achmad Faiz Alawi, Brety Fetrecia Br Karo, Viny Aulia Sabilla, Anandha Putri Ayu Prihatini · 2024 · International Journal on Advanced Science Engineering and Information Technology
  23. The Generic Framework of Privacy Preserving Data Mining Phases: Challenges & Future Directions
    Saad A. Abdelhameed, Sherin M. Moussa, Nagwa Lotfy Badr, Mohamed Essam Khalifa · 2021 · International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Information Systems (ICICIS)
  24. Designing the rule classification with oversampling approach with high accuracy for imbalanced data in semiconductor production lines
    Hsiao-Yu Wang, Chen-Kun Tsung, Ching-Hua Hung, Chen-Huei Chen · 2022 · Multimedia Tools and Applications
  25. Complex integrity constraint discovery: measuring trust in modern intelligent railroad systems
    Wentao Hu, Dawei Jiang, Sai Wu, Ke Chen, Gang Chen · 2022 · Journal of Zhejiang University. Science A
  26. An Expert System for Breast Cancer Prediction (ESBCP) using Decision Tree
    Akhil Kumar Das, Saroj Kr. Biswas, Ardhendu Kumar Mandal · 2022 · Indian Journal of Science and Technology
  27. CS-IntroVAE: Cauchy-Schwarz Divergence-Based Introspective Variational Autoencoder
    Zilong Yu, Yunyun Yang, Yongbin Zhu, Bixue Guo, Chun Li · 2023 · IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
  28. Finding Outliers in Gaussian Model-based Clustering
    Katharine M. Clark, Paul D. McNicholas · 2024 · Journal of Classification
  29. An active consistency detection method for hybrid power battery packs based on multi-parameter synergy
    Zhongqiu Zhang, Qi Cheng, Jingjing Li, Zehan Zhang, Dong Tang, Meng Chen · 2025 · Journal of Power Sources
  30. Identification of key factors and explainability analysis for surgical decision-making in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis assisted by machine learning
    Dalong Zhu, Alimu Tulahong, Chang Liu, Ayinuer Aierken, Wei Tan, Rexiati Ruze, Zhongdian Yuan, Lei Yin, Tiemin Jiang, Renyong Lin et al. · 2025 · World Journal of Gastroenterology
  31. Efficient Multi-Broker Load Balancing in Event Driven Pub-Sub Networks
    S. C. Sharma, Sateesh Kumar Peddoju · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management
  32. An efficient interpretable framework for unsupervised low, very low and extreme birth weight detection
    Ali Nawaz, Amir Ahmad, Shehroz S. Khan, Mohammad Mehedy Masud, Nadirah Ghenimi, Luai Awad Ahmed · 2025 · PLoS ONE
  33. Outlier detection via optimized density peaks clustering and K-means-derived objective function
    Hao Xia, Yu Zhou, Jiguang Li, Lei Bai, Jichun Li, Fengyu Zhou · 2025 · Chaos Solitons & Fractals
  34. Handling missing data in large-scale TBM datasets: Methods, strategies, and applications
    Haohan Xiao, Ruilang Cao, Zuyu Chen, Chengyu Hong, Jun Wang, Min Yao, Litao Fan, Teng Luo · 2025 · Intelligent geoengineering.
  35. Automatic noise reduction of domain-specific bibliographic datasets using positive-unlabeled learning
    Guo Chen, Jing Chen, Yu Shao, Lu Xiao · 2022 · Scientometrics
  36. Degradation trend evaluation for smart meters under high dry heat natural environments
    Jun Ma, Zhaosheng Teng, Qiu Tang, Zhiming Guo, Lei Kang, Ning Li · 2023 · Measurement
  37. Rasd: Semantic Shift Detection and Adaptation for Network Intrusion Detection
    Fahd Saleh Alotaibi, Sergio Maffeis · 2024 · IFIP advances in information and communication technology
  38. A Robust Cooperative Sensing Approach for Incomplete and Contaminated Data
    Rui Zhou, Wenqiang Pu, Ming‐Yi You, Qingjiang Shi · 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
  39. Understanding the Immediate and Longitudinal Effects of Emotion Reactivity and Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective on Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Latent Growth Curve Modeling
    Hamed Abdollahpour Ranjbar, Ayşe Altan Atalay, Mehmet Eskin · 2024 · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy
  40. Efficient Two-Stage Optimization for Enhanced Broadband Absorption of Higher-Order PML
    Kun‐Lai Li, Yongliang Zhang, Zhengpeng Wang, Xiaoming Chen · 2024 · IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters
  41. Modeling and Predicting Online Learning Activities of Students: An HMM-LSTM based Hybrid Solution
    Alexis Amezaga Hechavarria, M. Omair Shafiq · 2021 · International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications
  42. Weighted Reservoir Sampling On Evolving Streams: A Sampling Algorithmic Framework For Stream Event Identification
    Christos Karras, Aristeidis Karras, Γεώργιος Δρακόπουλος, Konstantinos Tsakalidis, Phivos Mylonas B, Spyros Sioutas · 2022 · Hellenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence
  43. Quantum subroutine for variance estimation: algorithmic design and applications
    Anna Bernasconi, Alessandro Berti, Gianna M. Del Corso, Riccardo Guidotti, Alessandro Poggiali · 2024 · Quantum Machine Intelligence
  44. Automated IR Image Segmentation for Identification of Overheated Idlers in Belt Conveyor Systems Based on Outlier-Detection Method
    Mohammad Siami, Tomasz Barszcz, Jacek Wodecki, Radosław Zimroz · 2022 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  45. Outlier detection in classification based on feature-selection-based regression
    Jinxia Su, Qiwen Liu, Jingke Cui · 2024 · Knowledge and Information Systems
  46. Abnormal state detection of diesel engine with flexible monitoring thresholds
    Xinwei Wang, Xiaolong Zhu, Guobin Pei, Kunyu Cai, Jiewei Lin · 2025 · Energy and AI
  47. Automated machine learning for residential property valuation
    Lin Deng, Xueqing Zhang · 2025 · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
  48. Multinomial Classification Certainty: a new uncertainty metric for multinomial outcome prediction
    F. van Daalen, R. Brecheisen, Leonard Wee, Andre Dekker, I. Bermejo · 2025 · Progress in Artificial Intelligence
  49. Decision support system using the expert-fuzzy method in validating real-time acid rain measurements
    Ardiansyah Ramadhan, Indra Chandra, Asri Indrawati, Dyah Aries Tanti, Israel Mendonça, Masayoshi Aritsugi · 2025 · Journal of Reliable Intelligent Environments
  50. MOAT: Federated Learning-Based Method for Improved Detection of IoT Botnets
    Yangzong Zhang, Wenjian Liu, Tianqing Zhu · 2025 · IEEE Internet of Things Journal
  51. Axial compressive damage and failure early warning method of concrete-filled steel tube with defects based on acoustic emission
    Kaizhong Xie, Kang Huang, Dong Liang, Lezhang Huang, Quanguo Wang · 2026 · Structures
  52. Real-Time Measurement Analysis of Rainwater Quality Based on the Internet of Things
    Ardiansyah Ramadhan, Achmad Faiz Alawi, Viny Aulia Sabilla, Brety Fetrecia Br Karo, Mikalouda Moses Syalom, Muhammad Alifio Abyakta, Zaidan Irfandito, Indra Chandra · 2023
  53. Ensemble based unsupervised anomaly detection with concept drift adaptation for time series data
    Danlei Li, Nirmal Sukumaran Nair, Kevin I‐Kai Wang, Kouichi Sakurai · 2024 · IEEE Smart World Congress (SWC)
  54. Network intrusion monitoring based on margin distance pruning and RF algorithm
    Xiangming Gou, Md Gapar Md Johar, Jacquline Tham · 2025 · Results in Engineering
  55. Comparative study of neighbor-based methods for local outlier detection
    Zhuang Qi, Junlin Zhang, Xiaming Chen, Xin Qi · 2025 · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
  56. Tighten the lasso: a convex hull volume-based anomaly detection method
    Uri Itai, Asael Bar Ilan, Teddy Lazebnik · 2025 · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics
  57. EMM‐CLODS: An Effective Microcluster and Minimal Pruning CLustering‐Based Technique for Detecting Outliers in Data Streams
    Mohamed Jaward Bah, Hongzhi Wang, Lihui Zhao, Ji Zhang, Jie Xiao · 2021 · Complexity
  58. Towards Highly Automated Machine-Learning-Empowered Monitoring of Motor Test Stands
    Diego Botache, Florian Bethke, Martin Hardieck, Maarten Bieshaar, Ludwig Brabetz, Mohamed Ayeb, Peter Zipf, Bernhard Sick · 2021 · IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems (ACSOS)
  59. Anomaly Electrocardiograms Automatic Detection with Unsupervised Deep Learning Methods
    Eugene Yu. Shchetinin, Anastasia G. Glushkova, Leonid A. Sevastianov · 2022 · Lecture notes in computer science
  60. Latent Diffusion Based Multi-class Anomaly Detection
    Wang Chenxing, Alireza Tavakkoli · 2023 · Lecture notes in computer science
  61. Predictive Data Analytics for Energy Incident Management (EIM) in Smart Buildings: A Data Science Approach
    Mohamed Riduan Abid, Austin Lee, Thomas Merino, Kaleb Horvath, Ryan Zimmerman, Yeṣem Kurt Peker, Shamim Khan · 2023 · International Conference on Control and Robotics (ICCR)
  62. Empowering health data protection: machine learning-enabled diabetes classification in a secure cloud-based IoT framework
    Dalia Ebrahim Hamid, Hanan M. Amer, Hossam El-Din Moustafa, Hanaa Salem · 2024 · Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
  63. Advanced simulation-based predictive modelling for solar irradiance sensor farms
    José L. Risco‐Martín, Ignacio-Iker Prado-Rujas, Javier Campoy, Marı́a S. Pérez, Katzalin Olcoz · 2024 · Journal of Simulation
  64. An Explainable Outlier Detection-based Data Cleaning Approach for Intrusion Detection
    Theodore Ha, Sicong Shao, Salim Hariri · 2023 · IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA)
  65. One-classification anomaly detection: Utilizing Contrastive Transfer Learning
    Jingkai Chi, Zhizhong Mao · 2024 · Measurement
  66. Influence of Road Surface Distresses on Pavement Roughness Considering Spatial Autocorrelation Effects
    Akbar Danesh, Hani Rezayan, Fereidoon Moghadas Nejad, Hamzeh Zakeri · 2025 · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board
  67. Beyond Accuracy: Rethinking Outlier Detection in Asylum Data
    Kristin Kaltenhauser, Tijs Slaats, Michael J. Muller, Naja Holten Møller · 2025 · ACM Journal on Responsible Computing
  68. Outlier Detection Algorithms for Open Environments
    Aijun Kou, Xuzhen Huang, Wenxue Sun · 2023 · Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
  69. An Efficient Outlier Detection Algorithm for Data Streaming
    Rui Bo Hu, Zhilu Chen, Yiwei Wang · 2025 · SSRN Electronic Journal
  70. Unsupervised detection of sub-sequence anomalies in epilepsy EEG
    Theodoros Toliopoulos, Anastasios Gounaris, Nikolaos Laskaris · 2025 · Computers in Biology and Medicine
  71. FONDUE—Fine-Tuned Optimization: Nurturing Data Usability & Efficiency
    Valerie Restat, Indra Diestelkämper, Meike Klettke, Uta Störl · 2025 · Journal Of Big Data
  72. Deep domain-adversarial anomaly detection with partial gradient reversal
    Jingkai Chi, Zhizhong Mao · 2025 · Applied Soft Computing
  73. Real-Time In-Class Data Mining of Moodle Click Logs for Learning Pattern Classification and Outlier Detection
    Konomu Dobashi, Curtis Ho, Catherine P. Fulford, Christina Higa, Kris Hara · 2025 · Communications in computer and information science
  74. Derivation of explicit mathematical equations for gypsum solubility in aqueous electrolyte solutions using GP, GEP, and GMDH techniques
    Mohammad Ebrahimi, Omid Deymi, Fahimeh Hadavimoghaddam, Abdolhossein Hemmati‐Sarapardeh · 2025 · Scientific Reports
  75. Double capped L1-norm extreme learning machine for regression and classification
    Xiaoxue Wang, Kuaini Wang, Jinhui Li, Jinde Cao · 2025 · Journal of the Franklin Institute
  76. Fuzzy natural neighbors for outlier detection
    Ramiro Saltos, Richard W. Weber, Witold Pedrycz · 2025 · Applied Soft Computing
  77. AI-Driven Imputation and Correlation Analysis of Environmental Parameters for Understanding pH Variability in Acid Rain
    Ardiansyah Ramadhan, Asri Indrawati, Dyah Aries Tanti, Wiwiek Setyawati, Indra Chandra · 2025 · IEEE International Conference on Networking, Intelligent Systems, and IoT (ICONS-IoT)
  78. Imputed-reconstruction diffusion models with negative exponential noise schedule for multivariate time series anomaly detection
    Lingli Chen, Xin Gao, Heping Lu, Baofeng Li, Meng Xu, Yun Feng, Bing Xue, Taizhi Wang · 2025 · Pattern Analysis and Applications
  79. Learning Dexterous In-Hand Manipulation with Multifingered Hands via Visuomotor Diffusion
    Piotr Koczy, Michael C. Welle, Danica Kragić · 2025 · IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
  80. Maximizing impact of explainable artificial intelligence in radiotherapy: a critical review
    Heising, L M, Wolfs, C J A, Ou, C X J, Hoebers, F J P, van Limbergen, E J, Verhaegen, F, Jacobs, M J G · 2026 · Physics in Medicine & Biology
  81. A novel multilevel taxonomical approach for describing high-dimensional unlabeled movement data
    Yashar Tavakoli, Lourdes Peña‐Castillo, Amílcar Soares · 2025 · International Journal of Data Science and Analytics
  82. Outliers: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
    Shenglin Chen, Wenfei Fan, Ruochun Jin · 2025 · Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data
  83. Evaluating and Defending Against Adversarial Attacks on LLM-Generated LSTM Models
    Mani Ghahremani, Arsenii Podshyvalin, Rahim Taheri · 2026 · Springer eBooks
  84. Determining Nonlinear and Interactive Processes Driving PM₁₀ Variability via Interpretable Machine Learning
    Razi Sheikholeslami, Hadiseh Khaleghi, Ali Karimaee · 2026 · Environmental Processes
  85. Assessing supervised machine learning practice in urban water networks: A critical review of methodological transparency, reproducibility and reporting
    Martin Oberascher, Bruno Brentan, Andrea Menapace, Manuel Herrera, Guangtao Fu, Riccardo Taormina, Robert Sitzenfrei · 2026 · Water Research X
  86. Detection Of Defective Videosurveillance Camera In Train Stations
    Claire Nicodème · 2021 · International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS)
  87. Scalable Outlier Detection Using Distance Projections
    Jin Ling Cao, Rui Min Hu · 2021 · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)
  88. A measurement error prediction framework for smart meters in typical regions
    Chunyu Yu, Ning G. Sun, Jianwei Gao, Fanli Hong, Yang Long Guo · 2024 · Measurement
  89. What do anomaly scores actually mean? Dynamic characteristics beyond accuracy
    Félix Iglesias, Henrique O. Marques, Arthur Zimek, Tanja Zseby · 2024 · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
  90. Application of Outlier Detection Methods in Audit Analytics
    Kevin Fulcer, Hanchi Gu, Hanxin Hu, Qing An Huang, Alexander Kogan, Miklos Antal Vasarhelyi, Danyang Wei, Jimmy Young · 2025 · Accounting Horizons
  91. MGOD: Multi-Granular Outlier Detection with Clustlier Analysis
    Qingsheng Chen, Mingjie Zhao, Yuzhu Ji, Xiaopeng Luo, Yiqun Zhang, Yue Zhang · 2024 · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)
  92. A Survey of Applications for Anomaly Detection in the IoT: Methods, New Perspectives, and Future
    Yingxiang Wang, Rongzuo Guo, Peng Min · 2024 · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics
  93. Weakly-supervised anomaly detection based on adversarial transfer learning
    Jingkai Chi, Zhizhong Mao · 2025 · Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
  94. MorphoSeg: An uncertainty-aware deep learning method for biomedical segmentation of complex cellular morphologies
    Tianhao Zhang, Heather McCourty, Berardo M. Sánchez-Tafolla, Anton Nikolaev, Lyudmila S. Mihaylova · 2025 · Neurocomputing
  95. Unified Calibration-Based Failure Prediction Quantization for Automatic Target Recognition
    Sihang Dang, Yunlong Zhang, Zhaoqiang Xia, Xiaoyue Jiang, Shuliang Gui, Xiaoyi Feng · 2025 · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
  96. Enhancing Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Cutting-Edge Advanced Machine Learning Techniques
    Srinivas Reddy Bandarapu, Kiran Randhi, Nishchai Jayanna Manjula · 2025 · Cureus Journal of Computer Science.
  97. A Machine Learning Approach to Explore and Predict Student Motivation Types
    Hafsa Al Ansari, Rasha S. Al Jassim, Rupert Ward · 2025 · IEEE Access
  98. Research Data Reusability with Content-Based Recommender System
    Mohammad Amin Yazdi, Marius Politze, Benedikt Heinrichs · 2023 · Communications in computer and information science
  99. Unsafe Behavior Detection with Adaptive Contrastive Learning in Industrial Control Systems
    Xu Zheng, Tianchun Wang, Samin Y. Chowdhury, Ruimin Sun, Dongsheng Luo · 2023 · IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW)
  100. Enhancing the Accuracy of Conductivity Parameters from Real-Time Rainwater Quality Measurements based on Internet of Things Utilizing Machine Learning
    Ardiansyah Ramadhan, Israel Mendonça, Masayoshi Aritsugi, Indra Chandra · 2024 · International Conference on Wireless and Telematics (ICWT)