Outlier Detection: Methods, Models, and Classification
Abstract
Over the past decade, we have witnessed an enormous amount of research effort dedicated to the design of efficient outlier detection techniques while taking into consideration efficiency, accuracy, high-dimensional data, and distributed environments, among other factors. In this article, we present and examine these characteristics, current solutions, as well as open challenges and future research directions in identifying new outlier detection strategies. We propose a taxonomy of the recently designed outlier detection strategies while underlying their fundamental characteristics and properties. We also introduce several newly trending outlier detection methods designed for high-dimensional data, data streams, big data, and minimally labeled data. Last, we review their advantages and limitations and then discuss future and new challenging issues.
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Anomaly detection has been well studied and there exists a plethora of comprehensive surveys and reviews on it.
“Since the seminal work in [105], anomaly detection has been well studied and there exists a plethora of comprehensive surveys and reviews on it, including but not limited to References [1,5,25,36,37,134,135,161,165,231].”
From A Survey on Explainable Anomaly Detection (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Authors in Wang et al. (2019); Boukerche et al. (2020) perform a survey of outlier detection techniques and cover ML-based techniques.”
BackgroundUncertainty-aware deep learning for reliable health monitoring in safety-critical energy systems
Yao, Y., Han, T., Yu, J., & Xie, M. (2024) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2024.130419 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Deep Graph Anomaly Detection: A Survey and New Perspectives
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Networking Systems for Video Anomaly Detection: A Tutorial and Survey
Liu, J., Liu, Y., Lin, J., Li, J., Cao, L., Sun, P., Hu, B., Song, L., Boukerche, A., & Leung, V. C. M. (2025) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3729222 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationMemorizing Structure-Texture Correspondence for Image Anomaly Detection
Zhou, K. Q., Li, J., Xiao, Y., Yang, J., Cheng, J. T., Liu, W., Luo, W., Liu, J., & Gao, S. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems · doi:10.1109/tnnls.2021.3101403 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A Hybrid Machine-Learning Ensemble for Anomaly Detection in Real-Time Industry 4.0 Systems
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A survey on outlier explanations
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A procedure for anomaly detection and analysis
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Financial transaction fraud detector based on imbalance learning and graph neural network
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Local outlier factor for anomaly detection in HPCC systems
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Fuzzy Granule Density-Based Outlier Detection With Multi-Scale Granular Balls
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Meta-survey on outlier and anomaly detection
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“Whereas outliers’ identification is a well studied topic in data analysis, e.g. Boukerche et al. [2020], as far as the authors are aware, this issue has not been addressed so far in the literature on counterfactual explanations.”
BackgroundConsistency-guided semi-supervised outlier detection in heterogeneous data using fuzzy rough sets
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“Depending on the availability of labeled data on which the algorithm relies, outlier detection methods are broadly classified into unsupervised [28], semi-supervised [29] and supervised detection algorithms [30].”
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Mobility Trace Analysis for Intelligent Vehicular Networks
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“The nearest neighbours can be defined by k nearest neighbors ( k -NN) and reverse nearest neighborhood set ( r -NN) [ Boukerche et al. , 2020]. k -NN identify a point p to be an anomaly if its distance to its nearest k neighbors is significantly larger than a threshold, the distance can be…”
A High-dimensional Outlier Detection Approach Based on Local Coulomb Force
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Camouflaged Poisoning Attack on Graph Neural Networks
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A review of deep learning based anomaly detection
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An open dataset of data lineage graphs for data governance research
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A Novel Intelligent-Based Intrusion Detection System Approach Using Deep Multilayer Classification
Ugendhar, A., Illuri, B., Vulapula, S. R., Radha, M., Sukanya, K., Alenezi, F. S., Althubiti, S. A., & Polat, K. (2022) · Mathematical Problems in Engineering · doi:10.1155/2022/8030510 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Mutual information maximization for semi-supervised anomaly detection
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Active Learning for Data Quality Control: A Survey
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Multiple Dynamic Outlier-Detection from a Data Stream by Exploiting Duality of Data and Queries
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Outlier detection using an ensemble of clustering algorithms
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DBSCOUT: A Density-based Method for Scalable Outlier Detection in Very Large Datasets
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ODMGIS: An Outlier Detection Method Based on Multigranularity Information Sets
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Intelligent multi-channel classification of microseismic events upon TBM excavation
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NFAD: fixing anomaly detection using normalizing flows
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E$^{3}$3Outlier: a Self-Supervised Framework for Unsupervised Deep Outlier Detection
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A survey of streaming data anomaly detection in network security
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Deep domain-adversarial anomaly detection with robust one-class transfer learning
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A Comparative Study for Outlier Detection Methods in High Dimensional Text Data
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RPTD: Reliability-enhanced Privacy-preserving Truth Discovery for Mobile Crowdsensing
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Granular-ball computing guided anomaly detection for hybrid attribute data
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Boosting the prediction of molten steel temperature in ladle furnace with a dynamic outlier ensemble
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Fast and robust outlier detection: A granular-ball center isolation and region consistency approach
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Unsupervised Outlier Detection: A Meta-Learning Algorithm Based on Feature Selection
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Graph Anomaly Detection at Group Level: A Topology Pattern Enhanced Unsupervised Approach
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Semi-Supervised Active Learning for Anomaly Detection in Aviation
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A Novel Subspace-Based GMM Clustering Ensemble Algorithm for High-Dimensional Data
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Fusing fuzzy rough sets and mean shift for anomaly detection
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- Authors
- Boukerche, A., Zheng, L., & Alfandi, O.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Zayed University (AE)
- Venue
- ACM Computing Surveys
- Published
- 2020-06-12
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1-37
- ISSN
- 0360-0300 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7341
- OpenAlex
- W3035622304
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 107 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 11.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- ACM Computing Surveys (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- NSERC-DISCOVERY
- Canada Research Chairs Program
- NSERC-CREATE TRANSIT Funds
- NSERC-SPG
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Data Classification
- Keywords
- outlier detection, high-dimensional data, data streams, big data
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