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Cited by 7Advanced Steganography and Watermarking TechniquesDigital Media Forensic DetectionChaos-based Image/Signal Encryption

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

An Analysis of PhotoDNA

Open access
Steinebach, Martin·2023·Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
DOI 10.1145/3600160.3605048
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Abstract

PhotoDNA is a popular hash used to combat CSAM. So far, only limited information has been provided about this hash in terms of its performance. In this paper, we provide an overview of robustness and false positives, as well as some basic observations about its structure. We show that it is robust against typical image processing such as lossy compression. On the other hand, it is only of limited robustness against cropping. We also give some suggestions for improving the algorithm or its use.

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Crossref · 10.1145/3600160.3605048

Cites

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Figures

Figure 1 Sections of PhotoDNA. The numbers indicate the positions of the first 12 6x6 quadrants. The quadrants overlap by 2 pixels. The red quadrant 6 and the blue quadrant 8 illustrate the horizontal and vertical overlap
Figure 1 Sections of PhotoDNA. The numbers indicate the positions of the first 12 6x6 quadrants. The quadrants overlap by 2 pixels. The red quadrant 6 and the blue quadrant 8 illustrate the horizontal and vertical overlapCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Hash example of one image of the coco dataset.Top: original image, second line: gray scale and resize to 26x26 pixel, third line: assignment to quadrants, bottom: values in the of the hash of the first 12 quadrants
Figure 2 Hash example of one image of the coco dataset.Top: original image, second line: gray scale and resize to 26x26 pixel, third line: assignment to quadrants, bottom: values in the of the hash of the first 12 quadrantsCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 Mean of 144 hash elements
Figure 3 Mean of 144 hash elementsCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 Illustration of hash distribution
Figure 4 Illustration of hash distributionCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 Mean of 144 hash elements sorted by direction
Figure 5 Mean of 144 hash elements sorted by directionCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Three test images with simple structures
Figure 6 Three test images with simple structuresCC-BY · From the PDF
Table 4: Robustness in percent for 2,000 test images against attacks
Table 4: Robustness in percent for 2,000 test images against attacksCC-BY · From the PDF
Image 8
CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 8 Top 10 low distances, 600 randomly selected images, 160.000 images in hash data base
Figure 8 Top 10 low distances, 600 randomly selected images, 160.000 images in hash data baseCC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 9 Example of image pair with small distance of 221
Figure 9 Example of image pair with small distance of 221CC-BY · From the PDF

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 21

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  2. Olena Buchko 2022. Classification of Confidential Images Using Neural Hash. 5 (2022), 68–71.
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Metadata

Authors
Steinebach, M.
Affiliations
Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (DE)
Corresponding author
Steinebach, Martin
ORCID
Steinebach, Martin
Venue
Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
Publisher
ACM
Published
2023-08-29
Pages
1-8
DOI
10.1145/3600160.3605048
OpenAlex
W4385688380
Cited by
7
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
FWCI
0.75
Type
conference paper
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Digital Media Forensic Detection
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption
Keywords
content safety, child pornography, image hashing, hash robustness, false positives, lossy image compression, image cropping, image processing

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: An Analysis of PhotoDNA. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1145/3600160.3605048
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Steinebach, M. (2023). An Analysis of PhotoDNA. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security. https://doi.org/10.1145/3600160.3605048