The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Program development by stepwise refinement
Open accessAbstract
The creative activity of programming--to be distinguished from coding--is usually taught by examples serving to exhibit certain techniques.It is here considered as a sequence of design decisions concerning the decomposition of tasks into subtasks and of data into data structures.The process of successive refinement of specifications is illustrated by a short but nontrivial example, from which a number of conclusions are drawn regarding the art and the instruction of programming.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Programs, life cycles, and laws of software evolution
Lehman, M. M. (1980) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/proc.1980.11805 · Cited by 1,181
Algorithmic bias in data-driven innovation in the age of AI
Akter, S., McCarthy, G., Sajib, S., Michael, K., Dwivedi, Y. K., D’Ambra, J., & Shen, K. N. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102387 · Cited by 440
HIPAcc: A Domain-Specific Language and Compiler for Image Processing
Membarth, R., Reiche, O., Hannig, F., Teich, J., Korner, M., & Eckert, W. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems · doi:10.1109/tpds.2015.2394802 · Cited by 102
Metadata
- Authors
- Wirth, N.
- Venue
- Communications of the ACM
- Published
- 1971-04
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 221-227
- ISSN
- 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-7317
- OpenAlex
- W2987977008
- Cited by
- 960
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 77.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
