The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
FlexCoolDC: Datacenter Cooling Flexibility for Harmonizing Water, Energy, Carbon, and Cost Trade-offs
Abstract
In an era of growing water demand and amplifying climatic disruptions, water is an increasingly limited and precious resource. As datacenters continue to proliferate due in particular to growing artificial intelligence demand, datacenter reliance on water for cooling is drawing increasing criticism.
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“While recent studies have begun to address the growing water consumption of data centers and AI computing [12, 15, 20, 23], they have predominantly focused on regions with large data center concentrations, such as the U.S. and Europe, while leaving out Africa-despite its rapid expansion of data centers and pressing challenges of water scarcity [44, 50].”
From A Water Efficiency Dataset for African Data Centers (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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Cites
US Environmental Protection Agency
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Data Center Energy Consumption Modeling: A Survey
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Zhang, Q., Meng, Z., Hong, X., Zhan, Y., Liu, J., Dong, J., Bai, T., Niu, J., & Deen, M. J. (2021) · Journal of Systems Architecture · doi:10.1016/j.sysarc.2021.102253 · Cited by 351
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Reducing the Carbon Impact of Generative AI Inference (today and in 2035)
Chien, A. A., Lin, L., Nguyen, H., Rao, V., Sharma, T., & Wijayawardana, R. (2023) · Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Sustainable Computer Systems · doi:10.1145/3604930.3605705 · Cited by 128
Self-citationUsman, M., Imran, M. A., Yang, Y., Lee, D. H., & Park, B.-S. (2017) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.134 · Cited by 99
Metrics for Sustainable Data Centers
Reddy, V. D., Setz, B., Rao, G. S. V. R. K., Gangadharan, G. R., & Aiello, M. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing · doi:10.1109/tsusc.2017.2701883 · Cited by 98
Research works printed but not linked: 15
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- Dan Azevedo, Christian Belady, and Jack Pouchet. 2011. Water usage effectiveness (WUE): A green grid datacenter sustainability metric. The Green Grid white paper (2011), 1–32.
- Li Chen and Aaron P Wemhoff. 2022. Characterizing Data Center Cooling System Water Stress in the United States.ASHRAE Annual Conference papers (2022), 1–9.
- LLG consulting. 2023. Industry data - CAISO. http://www.energyonline.com/Data/GenericData.aspx?DataId=20&CAISO___Average_Price. Accessed: 2023-11-02.
- Christine Hall. 2018. Cooling the World’s Largest ARM Supercomputer. Data Center Knowlege, https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/supercomputers/cooling-worlds-largest-arm-supercomputer#close-modal. Accessed: 2023-10-28.
- Mordor Intelligence. 2023. France Data Center Market Size & Share Analysis - Growth Trends & Forecasts up to 2029. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/france-data-center-market. Accessed: 2023-11-11.
- Mordor Intelligence. 2023. Germany Data Center Market Size & Share Analysis - Growth Trends & Forecasts upt to 2029. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/germany-data-center-market. Accessed: 2023-11-11.
- 10.1145/3632775.3661959 · DOI
- David Mytton. 2021. Data centre water consumption. npj Clean Water 4, 1 (2021), 11.
- NVIDIA. 2023. Nvidia announces financial results for second quarter fiscal 2024. press release, https://nvidianews.nvidia.com/news/nvidia-announces-financial-results-for-second-quarter-fiscal-2024. Accessed: 2023-11-11.
- Destatis (Federal Statistical Office). 2023. Electricity production in 2022: coal accounted for a third wind power for a quarte. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Press/2023/03/PE23_090_43312.html. Accessed: 2023-11-23.
- Sirui Qi, Dejan Milojicic, Cullen Bash, and Sudeep Pasricha. 2023. SHIELD: Sustainable Hybrid Evolutionary Learning Framework for Carbon, Wastewater, and Energy-Aware Data Center Management. arXiv preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.13086. · arXiv
- Bilal Ahmed Qureshi and Syed M Zubair. 2006. Prediction of evaporation losses in wet cooling towers. Heat transfer engineering 27, 9 (2006), 86–92.
- Suchismita Sarangi, Eric D. McAfee, Drew G. Damm, and Jessica Gullbrand. 2022. Single-Phase Immersion Cooling Performance in Intel Servers with Immersion Influenced Heatsink Design. In Semiconductor Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM). 1–5.
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Cited by
A Water Efficiency Dataset for African Data Centers
Shumba, N., Tshekiso, O., Li, P., Fanti, G., & Ren, S. (2025) · Proceedings of the ACM SIGCAS/SIGCHI Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies · doi:10.1145/3715335.3735483 · Cited by 10
Metadata
- Authors
- Gnibga, W. E., Chien, A. A., Blavette, A., & Orgerie, A. C.
- Affiliations
- IRISA, CNRS, France
- Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago, United States of America
- SATIE, CNRS, France
- Venue
- The 15th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2024-05-31
- Pages
- 108-122
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 24
- Funders
- French National Research Agency (ANR-23-PECL-0003)
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- Gnibga, W. E., Chien, A. A., Blavette, A., & Orgerie, A. C. (2024). FlexCoolDC: Datacenter Cooling Flexibility for Harmonizing Water, Energy, Carbon, and Cost Trade-offs. The 15th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3632775.3661936
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
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