Cited by 564Artificial Intelligence in LawLogic, Reasoning, and KnowledgeAI-based Problem Solving and Planning

The British Nationality Act as a logic program

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Sergot, M. J., Sadri, F., Kowalski, R. A., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., Cory, H. T.·1986·Communications of the ACM

Abstract

The formalization of legislation and the development of computer systems to assist with legal problem solving provide a rich domain for developing and testing artificial-intelligence technology.

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  • The BNAP authors state their goal is to translate the British Nationality Act so that the consequences of the act can be determined mechanistically, and they place their work in the context of other legal expert systems designed for use with real users.

    “For in the same text the authors also state (as noted above) that their goal is to translate the British Nationality Act so that”

    From Bias in computer systems (1996) · cites this paper as Sergot et al. 1986

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  • At the time of BNAP's initial implementation (1983), no mechanism was built into the program to incorporate relevant case law as it came into being.

    “At the time of the BNAP's initial implementation (1983) no mechanism was built into the program to incorporate relevant case law as it came into being [Sergot et al. 1986].”

    From Bias in computer systems (1996) · cites this paper as Sergot et al. 1986

  • Section 50-(9) of the British Nationality Act, implemented in BNAP, specifies that a man is the father of only his legitimate children, whereas a woman is the mother of all her children, legitimate or not.

    “As specified in Section 50-(9) of the British Nationality Act itself and imple-mented in BNAP,”

    From Bias in computer systems (1996) · cites this paper as Sergot et al. 1986

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Cites

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Research works printed but not linked: 24

  1. Bowen. K.A., and Kowalski. R.A. Amalgamating language and meta- language in logic programming. In Logic Programming. K.L. Clark and S.A. Tarnlund. Eds. APIC Studies in Data Processing, vol. 16. Aca- demic Press. New York, 1982. pp. 153-172.
  2. Bowen. K.A., and Weinberg, T. A meta-level extension of PROLOG. In Symposium on Logic Programming (Boston. Mass.). IEEE Computer Society Press, 1985, pp. 48-53.
  3. Ghan, D. A logic based legal expert. M.S. thesis. Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London. 1984.
  4. Clark, K.L. Negation as failure. In Logic and Data Bases, H. Callaire and J. Minker, Eds. Plenum, New York, 1978. pp. 293-322.
  5. Feigenbaum, E.A.. and McCorduck, P. The Fiffh Generation. Addison- Wesley, Reading. Mass., 1983.
  6. Gardner. A.V.D.L. An artificial intelligence approach to legal reason- ing. Rep. STAN-CS-85-1045. Dept. of Computing Science, Stanford Univ., 1984. To be published by Bradford Books/MIT Press.
  7. Gardner, A.V.D.L. Overview of an artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning. In Computing Power nnd Legal Reasoning, C. Walter, Ed. West. St. Paul. Minn.. 1985. pp. 247-274.
  8. Gordon, T.F. Object-oriented predicate logic and its role in repre- senting legal knowledge. In Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, C. Walter. Ed. West, St. Paul. Minn.. 1985. pp. 163-203.
  9. Hammond. P. Representation of DHSS regulations as a logic pro- gram. Rep. 82/X, Dept. of Computing, Imperial College, London. 1982. pp. 225-235. Also in Proceedings offhe 3rd KS Expert Systems Conference, British Computer Society, Cambridge, Dec. 1983. pp. 225-235.
  10. Hammond. P., and Sergot. M.J. A PROLOG shell for logic based expert systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd BCS Experf Systems Confer- once. British Computer Society. Cambridge, Dec. 1983, pp. 95-104.
  11. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. The British Nationality Act 1981. Chapter 61, London, 1981.
  12. Jones, S. Control structures in legislation. In Compufer Science and Law, 8. Niblett. Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980. pp. 157-l 69.
  13. Kowalski. R.A. Logic for Problem Solving. Elsevier North-Holland, New York, 1979.
  14. Kowalski, R.A. Logic programming. In Proceedings ZNP-83 Congress. Elsevier North-Holland. New York, 1983. pp. 133-145.
  15. Kowalski, R.A. Software engineering and knowledge-based systems in new generation computing. Future Generation Compuf. Sysf. 1. 1 (1984), 39-49. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.
  16. Lowes. D. Assistance to industry: A logical approach. MS. thesis. Dept. of Computing. Imperial College. London, 1984.
  17. MacRae, C.D. User control knowledge in a tax consulting system. In 2nd Infernational Conference on Computers and Law (Houston. Tex.. June). 1985.
  18. McCarthy, L.T.. and Sridharan. N.S. The representation of an evolv- ing system of legal concepts: I. Logical templates. In Proceedings, 3rd Biennial Conference of fhe Canadian Society for Compufafional Studies of lnfelligence (Victoria. B.C.). Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, 1980. pp. 304-311.
  19. Schlobohm, D.A. A Prolog program which analyzes income tax is- sues under Section 318(a) of the internal revenue code. In Computing Power and Legal Reasoning, C. Walter. Ed. West, St. Paul. Minn., 1985. pp. 765-815.
  20. Sharpe, W.P. Logic programming for the law. In Research and Dew- opmenf in Experf Systems: Proceedings of the 4th Technical Conference of fhe British Compufer Society Specialisf Group on Experf Systems, War- wick, M.A. Braines, Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, Dec. 1985.
  21. Stamper, R. LEGOL: Modelling legal rules by computer. In Computer Science and Law, B. Niblett. Ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1980, pp. 45-71.
  22. Suphamongkhon. K. Towards an expert system op immigration leg- islation. M.S. thesis, Dept. of Computing. Imperial College, London, 1984.
  23. M.I.T.. Cambridge. Mass.. 1971.
  24. Szolovits, P.. Hawkinson. L.B., and Martin, W.A. An overview of OWL, a language for knowledge representation. MlT/LCS/TM-86. Laboratory for Computer Science, M&T., Cambridge. Mass.. 1977.

Cited by

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Authors
Sergot, M. J., Sadri, F., Kowalski, R. A., Kriwaczek, F., Hammond, P., & Cory, H. T.
Affiliations
University of London (GB)
Venue
Communications of the ACM
Published
1986-05
Volume
29
Issue
5
Pages
370-386
ISSN
  • 0001-0782 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-7317
OpenAlex
W2048600620
Cited by
564
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 22
FWCI
201.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Communications of the ACM (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Artificial Intelligence in Law
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI-based Problem Solving and Planning
Keywords
logic programming, legal problem solving, artificial intelligence applications

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