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An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus
Abstract
Menus are largely formatted in a linear fashion listing items from the top to bottom of the screen or window. Pull down menus are a common example of this format. Bitmapped computer displays, however, allow greater freedom in the placement, font, and general presentation of menus. A pie menu is a format where the items are placed along the circumference of a circle at equal radial distances from the center. Pie menus gain over traditional linear menus by reducing target seek time, lowering error rates by fixing the distance factor and increasing the target size in Fitts's Law, minimizing the drift distance after target selection, and are, in general, subjectively equivalent to the linear style.
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Citations
Cited by
Split menus: effectively using selection frequency to organize menus
Sears, A., & Shneiderman, B. (1994) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/174630.174632 · Cited by 293
Self-citationOctoPocus: a dynamic guide for learning gesture-based command sets
Bau, O., & Mackay, W. E. (2008) · Proceedings of the 21st annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology · doi:10.1145/1449715.1449724 · Cited by 278
A Semantic Analysis of the Design Space of Input Devices
Mackinlay, J., Card, S. K., & Robertson, G. G. (1990) · Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.1990.9667153 · Cited by 152
Bailly, G., Lecolinet, E., & Nigay, L. (2017) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3002171 · Cited by 139
Improving command selection with CommandMaps
Scarr, J., Cockburn, A., Gutwin, C., & Bunt, A. (2012) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2207676.2207713 · Cited by 128
Metadata
- Authors
- Callahan, J., Hopkins, D., Weiser, M., & Shneiderman, B.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '88
- Publisher
- ACM Press
- Published
- 1988
- Pages
- 95-100
- OpenAlex
- W2090949033
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Callahan, J., Hopkins, D., Weiser, M., & Shneiderman, B. (1988). An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '88. https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182
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