The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Understanding BGP misconfiguration
Open accessAbstract
It is well-known that simple, accidental BGP configuration errors can disrupt Internet connectivity. Yet little is known about the frequency of misconfiguration or its causes, except for the few spectacular incidents of widespread outages. In this paper, we present the first quantitative study of BGP misconfiguration. Over a three week period, we analyzed routing table advertisements from 23 vantage points across the Internet backbone to detect incidents of misconfiguration. For each incident we polled the ISP operators involved to verify whether it was a misconfiguration, and to learn the cause of the incident. We also actively probed the Internet to determine the impact of misconfiguration on connectivity.Surprisingly, we find that configuration errors are pervasive, with 200-1200 prefixes (0.2-1.0% of the BGP table size) suffering from misconfiguration each day. Close to 3 in 4 of all new prefix advertisements were results of misconfiguration. Fortunately, the connectivity seen by end users is surprisingly robust to misconfigurations. While misconfigurations can substantially increase the update load on routers, only one in twenty five affects connectivity. While the causes of misconfiguration are diverse, we argue that most could be prevented through better router design.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Second, tracing and analysis stacks in large organisations are designed to support rapid, iterative diagnosis at scale, because static dashboards are not enough [61], [77], [60], [57].”
From Large language models for agentic NetOps and AIOps: Architectures, evaluation, and safety (2027) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Canopy addresses this through end-to-end traceability and analysis for highvolume production settings [61].”
From Large language models for agentic NetOps and AIOps: Architectures, evaluation, and safety (2027) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“This framing aligns well with how production debugging systems are used in practice, through writing discriminating query, refine the candidate set, and then write the next query [78], [61], [53], [54].”
From Large language models for agentic NetOps and AIOps: Architectures, evaluation, and safety (2027) · cites this paper as [61]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rayward-Smith, V. J., Cormen, T. H., Leiserson, C. E., & Rivest, R. L. (1991) · Journal of the Operational Research Society · doi:10.2307/2583667 · Cited by 16,958
Border Gateway Protocol 3 (BGP-3)
Lougheed, K., & Rekhter, Y. (1991) · doi:10.17487/rfc1267 · Cited by 1,983
Safeware: System Safety and Computers
Leveson, N. G. (1995) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,688
On inferring autonomous system relationships in the Internet
Gao, L. (2001) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/90.974527 · Cited by 1,083
Calafiore, G. C., & Ghaoui, L. E. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107279667.013 · Cited by 822
Engler, D., Chen, D. Y., Hallem, S., Chou, A., & Chelf, B. (2001) · doi:10.1145/502034.502041 · Cited by 737
Secure Border Gateway Protocol (S-BGP)
Kent, S., Lynn, C., & Seo, K. (2000) · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications · doi:10.1109/49.839934 · Cited by 694
Address Allocation for Private Internets
Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B. R., Karrenberg, D., J., G., & Lear, E. (1996) · doi:10.17487/rfc1918 · Cited by 675
Why Do Computers Stop and What Can Be Done About It?
Gray, J. (2024) · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.27043420 · Cited by 665
Safeware: System Safety and Computers
Neumann, P. G. (1995) · ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes · doi:10.1145/217030.565656 · Cited by 657
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 38 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- B. Greene and P. Smith . Essential IOS Features Every ISP Should Consider (v 2.9) , June 2001 . B. Greene and P. Smith. Essential IOS Features Every ISP Should Consider (v 2.9), June 2001.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–536 of 536
Distributed internet security and measurement
Forrest, S., & Karlin, J. (2009) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico)
Design et implémentation d'un logiciel de validation et de génération de configurations réseaux
Vanbever, L., & Pardoen, G. (2008)
d'un Mesurer la securit6 d'un reseau operateur de tel6communication
Serhrouchni, A. (2005)
Schönwälder, J., Tanenbaum, A. S., Stallings, W., Kurose, J. F., Ross, K. W., & Almeroth, K. C. (2006)
Advanced Computer Networks '2014
Schönwälder, J. (2014)
Ensuring a valid source and destination for internet traffic
Li, J., & Ehrenkranz, T. (2012) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon)
Schönwälder, J. (2010)
Solving QoS Multicast Routing Problem Using ACO Algorithm
Khambre, P. D., Deshpande, A., Verma, A., & Baranwal, T. (2014)
Proof of an Interdomain Policy
Load-Balancing, A., & Voellmy, A. (2009)
Demystifying the IP Blackspace
Jacquemart, Q., Vervier, P., Urvoy-Keller, G., & Biersack, E. W. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26362-5_6
Um overlay de roteamento tolerante a intrusões
Obelheiro, R. R. (2006) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Understanding and diagnosing routing dynamics in global internet
Zhang, L., & Lad, M. (2007)
Measurable security: a new substrate for dnssec
Zhang, L., & Osterweil, E. (2010)
Measurable Security: a New Substrate for DNSSEC
Ángeles, L. (2010)
Multihoming with ILNP in FreeBSD
Simpson, B. (2016) · St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository)
Understanding the Internet AS-level Structure
Ángeles, L. (2009)
A Theoretic Representation of the Effects of Targeted Failures in HPC Systems
Clark, A. D. (2016) · Advances in systems analysis, software engineering, and high performance computing book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0287-6.ch010
Security Across Disparate Management Domains in Coalition MANETs
Srivatsa, M., Agrawal, D., & McDonald, A. D. (2011) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-61350-101-6.ch521
Understanding and Diagnosing Routing Dynamics in Global Internet
Ángeles, L. (2007)
How Secure are Secure Interdomain Routing Protocols?
Dammer, A. (2011) · TU München - Informatik · doi:10.2313/net-2011-07-2_10
A BGP Attack Against Traffic Engineering
Kim, J., Ko, S., Nicol, D. M., Dimitropoulos, X. A., & Riley, G. (2005) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc.2004.1371332
Programming Distributed Control Planes
Beckett, R., Mahajan, R., Padhye, J. D., Millstein, T. D., & Walker, D. (2017) · Symposium on SDN Research · doi:10.1145/3050220.3063774
Self-citationSchönwälder, J. (2012)
Schönwälder, J. (2011)
Schönwälder, J. (2012)
Study of BGP security issues and technique for AS route validation
Siddiqi, A. J. (2008) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3-wywt-np85
Synthesis of Fault-Tolerant Distributed Router Configurations
Subramanian, K., D’Antoni, L., & Akella, A. (2019) · ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review · doi:10.1145/3308809.3308853
VERCEL: Verification and Rectification of Configuration Errors With Least Squares
Singh, A., Sharma, S., & Gumaste, A. (2024) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2024.3422035
Tang, J., Chen, J., Jiang, P., Zhang, G., Sun, G., Wang, H., & Liang, R. (2025) · Journal of Visualization · doi:10.1007/s12650-024-01042-5
Owen, R., Bryant, A., Finch, L., Franklin, D. R., Abdollahi, M., & Abolhasan, M. (2025) · doi:10.36227/techrxiv.173202869.97110152/v2
Design and Implementation of the SORA Multipath Virtual Network Layer
Lane, J. R. (2011) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.15083/00004126
Security Issue of BGP in complex Peering and Transit Networks
Khalid, M. A., & Nazir, Q. (2009) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)
Huang, S. (2014) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Metadata
- Authors
- Mahajan, R., Wetherall, D., & Anderson, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
- Publisher
- ACM
- Published
- 2002-08-19
- Pages
- 3-16
- OpenAlex
- W1967656199
- Cited by
- 533
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 24.06
- Type
- conference paper
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ACM SIGCOMM Conference (SIGCOMM) (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Traffic and Congestion Control
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Software-Defined Networks and 5G
- Keywords
- BGP routing, Internet routing, network outages, router design, Internet backbone
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review