The DOI matches its Crossref record; 216 of the 216 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Membrane Electroporation and Electropermeabilization: Mechanisms and Models
Open accessAbstract
Exposure of biological cells to high-voltage, short-duration electric pulses causes a transient increase in their plasma membrane permeability, allowing transmembrane transport of otherwise impermeant molecules. In recent years, large steps were made in the understanding of underlying events. Formation of aqueous pores in the lipid bilayer is now a widely recognized mechanism, but evidence is growing that changes to individual membrane lipids and proteins also contribute, substantiating the need for terminological distinction between electroporation and electropermeabilization. We first revisit experimental evidence for electrically induced membrane permeability, its correlation with transmembrane voltage, and continuum models of electropermeabilization that disregard the molecular-level structure and events. We then present insights from molecular-level modeling, particularly atomistic simulations that enhance understanding of pore formation, and evidence of chemical modifications of membrane lipids and functional modulation of membrane proteins affecting membrane permeability. Finally, we discuss the remaining challenges to our full understanding of electroporation and electropermeabilization.
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“The results from electroporation studies further support that ion channel activation and ion influx, and perhaps other effects such as cytoskeleton damage, can be used as biomarkers of responsiveness to TTFields, given that these phenomena are observed after exposure to electric fields [27,46,62,65].”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Electropores may form under external electric fields 9 and can also arise spontaneously in naturallyoccuring (particularly biological) systems due to transient transmembrane potentials arising from bilayer-surface charge flucuations 8,12,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] .”
From Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“After the first threshold is surpassed, it is thought that the Vm depolarizes the membrane sufficiently to trigger the formation of aqueous pores and stimulate other voltage-dependent processes such as ion channel activation and cytoskeletal disruption [62,65].”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“While it has been recognized for some time now that aqueous pore formation allows for increased permeability across the plasma membrane, recent studies suggest that chemical and structural changes in the lipids and proteins (such as ion channels) of the membrane itself also contribute to the mechanism of action [62].”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“Electroporation pulses can range from nanoseconds to milliseconds in duration and tend to form aqueous pores in the plasma membrane that are on the order of ~1 nm in radius [60,62,63,64].”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“An important component of this proposed mechanism, by which altering the plasma membrane through electric pulses leads to increased permeability, is that there are two “thresholds” which are not universal but rather particular to the parameters being used (i.e., cell type/size, membrane curvature, exposure time, temperature, transported molecule, and osmotic pressure) [62]. The first threshold is”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“For example, TTFields have been reported to activate Cav2+ channels [46], membrane distortions predicted by the bioelectrorheological model are likely another feature of TTFields’ actions [40], and membrane fenestration is a hallmark of reversible electroporation [62].”
From Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields (2021) · cites this paper as [62]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
O’Connor, J., Garcia-Vaquero, M., Meaney, S., & Tiwari, B. K. (2022) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md20050317 · Cited by 81
Permeabilizing Cell Membranes with Electric Fields
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Fusion of lipid membranes: an alternative pathway
Jin, D., Li, Z., Roke, S., & Klein, J. (2026) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.19.706911
Metadata
- Authors
- Kotnik, T., Rems, L., Tarek, M., & Miklavčič, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Science for Life Laboratory (SE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;,
- Venue
- Annual Review of Biophysics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2019-05-06
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-91
- ISSN
- 1936-122X (ISSN-L)
- 1936-1238
- OpenAlex
- W2917550741
- Cited by
- 813
- References
- 216
- Citations by year
- 2026: 129 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 141 · 2023: 122 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 18
- FWCI
- 6.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Biophysics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Inactivation Methods
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Applications
- Keywords
- electroporation, plasma membrane permeability, lipid bilayers, transmembrane voltage, continuum model, atomistic simulation, electric pulses
- MeSH terms
- Cell Membrane, Cell Membrane Permeability, Humans, Lipid Bilayers, Membrane Lipids, Electroporation
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