The DOI matches its Crossref record; 107 of the 112 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 5 are not checked yet; none of the 22 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Open accessAbstract
Common mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress, are leading causes of disability worldwide. Treatment for these disorders is limited in low- and middle-income countries. This systematic review synthesizes the implementation processes and examines the effectiveness of psychological treatments for common mental disorders in adults delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries. In total, 27 trials met the eligibility criteria; most treatments targeted depression or posttraumatic stress. Treatments were commonly delivered by community health workers or peers in primary care or community settings; they usually were delivered with fewer than 10 sessions over 2–3 months in an individual, face-to-face format. Treatments included common elements, such as nonspecific engagement and specific domains of behavioral, interpersonal, emotional, and cognitive elements. The pooled effect size was 0.49 (95% confidence interval = 0.36–0.62), favoring intervention conditions. Our review demonstrates that psychological treatments—comprising a parsimonious set of common elements and delivered by a low-cost, widely available human resource—have moderate to strong effects in reducing the burden of common mental disorders.
Checked 2026-10-06 · 5 references not checked yet
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Claims the paper makes
57 Own result · 16 Not checked yet · 12 Own method · 8 Own interpretation · 4 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The five most commonly endorsed nonspecific elements were empathy (88.9%); collaboration (85.2%); active listening (77.8%); normalizing treatment or aspects of the illness (70.4%), or both; and involving family members or a significant other (63.0%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, the domain of nonspecific elements was significantly correlated with the specific element domains (r = 0.425–0.483, p < 0.01), with the exception of the cognitive element domain (r = 0.235, p = 0.240).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed significant correlations between these domains, in particular between the behavioral and cognitive domains (r = 0.611, p < 0.001)”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most treatments targeted depression or posttraumatic stress”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatments were commonly delivered by community health workers or peers in primary care or community settings”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In total, 27 trials met the eligibility criteria”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they usually were delivered with fewer than 10 sessions over 2–3 months in an individual, face-to-face format”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatments included common elements, such as nonspecific engagement and specific domains of behavioral, interpersonal, emotional, and cognitive elements.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of participants were from low socioeconomic backgrounds—for example, they had relatively low levels of education or did not have formal employment outside of the home, or both.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pooled effect size was 0.49 (95% confidence interval = 0.36–0.62), favoring intervention conditions.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among these, 22 were individual RCTs and 5 were cluster randomized controlled trials.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plainn = 22- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, treatments comprised 2.24 out of 5 behavioral elements, 2.26 out of 4 emotional elements, 1.71 out of 3 interpersonal elements, and 1.74 out of 6 cognitive elements.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The coding of treatment elements from trial descriptions accurately reflects the treatments as delivered.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Trial participants were most likely to be recruited from primary health-care settings, notably those providing maternal and reproductive services (n = 12), followed by community settings (n = 8), and participants’ homes (n = 6).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
hedgedn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average age of participants was 33.9 years (95% CI = 31.1–36.9).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The median sample size inclusive of intervention and control arms was 194 participants (range = 15 to 1,961).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plainn = 194- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The five most commonly used specific elements were eliciting or identifying social support (85.2%); engaging in problem-solving (80.8%); identifying or eliciting affect (76.9%), or both; linking affect to events (76.9%); and identifying thoughts (63.0%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Excluding the outliers of the largest and smallest trials (Patel et al. 2010, n = 1,961; Hirani et al. 2010a, n = 15), the average sample size for the trials was 219 participants (range = 49–798).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2010
- Not checked yetcites Hirani et al. 2010a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, treatments included an average of 5.22 out of 9 nonspecific elements and 7.81 out of 18 specific elements.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The coding of treatment elements from trial descriptions accurately reflects the treatments as delivered.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the 25 authors who were contacted to enter their treatment data, 21 (84%) completed the online survey used to distill treatment components.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Selection and Participant Response
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most common in-session techniques used were psychoeducation (85.2%), providing direct suggestions (59.2%), assigning homework (59.2%), giving praise (55.6%), and goal setting (55.6%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The coding of treatment elements from trial descriptions accurately reflects the treatments as delivered.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The least commonly used nonspecific element was case management (18.5%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resulting in the current taxonomy, which includes 18 specific elements in four domains (behavioral, interpersonal, cognitive, and emotional); 9 nonspecific engagement elements; and 12 in-session techniques (Figure 1).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Development of Taxonomy of Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most commonly used treatment class was psychoeducation (33.3%), followed by problem-solving (23.1%), cognitive behavioral therapy (17.9%), and behavioral activation or interpersonal psychotherapy (12.8%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The authors' self-reported treatment classes are accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost half of the trials took place among urban populations, with the remainder equally distributed among rural and semiurban populations.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trials were conducted in 17 countries, most commonly in sub-Saharan Africa (n = 7, including 2 in Uganda), East Asia (n = 6, including 5 from China or Taiwan), South Asia (n = 5, including 3 from Pakistan) and 3 each from Chile and Iraq.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The target population in most trials was primary care attendees (77.8%), followed by torture survivors (14.8%), persons living with HIV (7.4%), and refugees (7.4%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of trials (62.9%) targeted only women, almost half of whom were mothers in the pre- or postnatal phase.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At least one behavioral, interpersonal, and emotional element was used in 23 trials (85%); at least one cognitive element was used in 20 trials (74.1%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our final review included 25 articles, which included 27 trials (two articles included data on two trials).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Trial Selection and Participant Response
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The format for supervision was reported by 15 trials. All trials conducted supervision in person, and almost half of these supplemented this supervision with telephone (46.7%) or Skype (40.0%) support.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of trials exclusively used an individual (51.9%) format; 37.0% used group formats; 11.1% used both.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all trials, treatment was delivered face to face; two (7.4%) also used the telephone.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
In the paper
“Overall, training lasted a mean of 78.82 hours (95% CI = 21.81–135.84); it lasted a mean of 53.80 hours (95% CI = 31.72–75.84) when the one outlier (Patel et al. 2010) was excluded”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Patel et al. 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our review also highlights the gap in reporting on relevant implementation processes.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental health specialists had diverse roles in these treatments, most commonly during trial evaluation (100%), followed by training and supervising NSPs (66.7%),”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Who: Implementation Processes Related to Who Delivered the Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 23 trials reported the proportion of individuals who completed the entire or a significant amount of the psychological treatment (mean = 79.6% participants).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost three-quarters of trials (n = 18) reported using a manualized treatment strategy; 65% of trials used a phase- or session-specific sequence; and 40% used booster sessions.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plainn = 18- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rationale for selecting a given NSP was described by about half of the trials (n = 13): The most common rationale was that the NSPs were close to and had frequent contact with the target community (46.2%);”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Who: Implementation Processes Related to Who Delivered the Treatment
plainn = 13- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified 27 trials that met our eligibility criteria, with 35 primary and secondary outcomes.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This model was more robust (F = 3.62, p = 0.016) and the five domains explained 46.3% of the variance (R2) in trial effectiveness. The strongest associations were observed for the interpersonal elements (β = 0.442, p = 0.029), emotional elements (β = 0.415, p = 0.046), and nonspecific (engagement) elements (β = 0.409, p = 0.052).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > The Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments for Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Nonspecialist Providers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exploratory analyses showed that the trial effect size was significantly related to the summed score of the number of all specific elements (Pearson’s r=0.383, p=0.048) and nonspecific elements (r = 0.474, p = 0.012).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > The Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments for Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Nonspecialist Providers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Only two trials (Araya et al. 2006, Buttorff et al. 2012) reported an economic evaluation of their psychological treatments, and only one reported on mediators of the treatment’s effectiveness (Singla et al. 2015).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > CONCLUSIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Araya et al. 2006
- Not checked yetcites Buttorff et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Singla et al. 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other frequently used personnel were peers or individuals specifically recruited for the trial from the same community (29.6%), nurses (18.5%), and midwives (14.8%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Who: Implementation Processes Related to Who Delivered the Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When all 26 trials were included, the mean duration was 10.19 weeks (95% CI = 6.92 to 13.51); when the four outliers were excluded, treatment duration was 9.05 weeks (95% CI = 7.43 to 10.58)”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Training methods were reported by 18 trials. The majority of programs (77.8%) used a mixed methods approach to train NSPs; others reported only using didactics.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No trials reported conducting a formal evaluation to examine the competency of NSPs, or whether certification was provided.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SMD for the 24 primary outcomes was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.36–0.62), favoring the intervention with the inconsistency measure I2 = 83%, suggesting substantial heterogeneity among trials”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > The Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments for Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Nonspecialist Providers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The effect sizes from the included trials are not substantially biased by publication bias or selective reporting.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Half of the treatments were delivered in the community (50.0%)—for example in schools, at community meetings, and outdoors; 38.4% were delivered at primary care centers; and 26.9% were delivered in homes.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > Where: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Setting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An unexpected gap in the literature was the limited utilization of indigenous elements. For example, mindfulness, a practice rooted in South and East Asian culture, was not used by any of the trials.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Limitations of the Evidence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two-thirds of the selected trials targeted only women, and many focused on perinatal CMDs.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Supervision was most often conducted weekly (76.5%); in other trials, ad hoc supervision was conducted when required (17.6%) or supervision occurred monthly (5.9%).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > How: Implementation Processes Related to How Treatment Was Delivered
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
In the paper
“The protocol was developed following the procedures outlined in the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews (Higgins et al. 2011) and registered with PROSPERO (the international prospective register of systematic reviews; CRD42016029451).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Protocol and Registration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Higgins et al. 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two researchers (D.R.S. and B.A.K.) and two research assistants independently identified eligible articles by systematically screening titles and abstracts to determine whether an article met the eligibility criteria.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Trial Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the growing evidence that testifies to the success of psychological treatments in the global context, there is no review of relevant implementation processes or the common elements utilized when delivering psychological treatment to adults in LMICs.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > INTRODUCTION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outliers were identified and, when applicable, analyses were repeated without these outliers.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, for those trials in which the authors did not respond, two researchers independently coded the same article with high interrater reliability (ICC = 0.90).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Development of Taxonomy of Treatment Components
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each abstract that was deemed ineligible was screened by the second researcher and, if necessary, by a third researcher (V.P.) to reach a final consensus.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Trial Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Next, eligible articles were distributed among the researchers (D.R.S., B.A.K., L.K.M., and A.A.) and the full-text was screened. At this stage, articles that were deemed ineligible were verified by two additional researchers.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Trial Selection
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines (Moher et al. 2009).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Protocol and Registration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moher et al. 2009
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This is particularly true in LMICs, where intervention coverage for CMDs is estimated at 7% to 28%, resulting in a treatment gap of up to 93% (Chisholm et al. 2016).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chisholm et al. 2016
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four rounds of pilot testing followed, whereby four researchers independently coded two or more eligible trials to test and iteratively adapt the existing taxonomy. During this phase, interrater reliability was estimated using an intraclass correlation (ICC).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Development of Taxonomy of Treatment Components
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our final round of coding indicated a high degree of agreement among coders (ICC = 0.77–0.85).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Development of Taxonomy of Treatment Components
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Common mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress, are leading causes of disability worldwide.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Whiteford et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) Mental Health Gap Action Program (mhGAP; WHO 2015) recommends psychological treatments as first-line treatment for CMDs”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites WHO 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“We employed a random-effects analysis because we expected heterogeneity arising from the presence of cluster randomized controlled trials for which the random-effects model is the method of choice (Hayes & Moulton 2009).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > METHODS > Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hayes & Moulton 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The completeness and face validity of the list of elements and their organization was confirmed by trial authors and experts in psychological treatment.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Implementation Processes and Effectiveness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The taxonomy we developed showed modest to good internal consistency within domains, strong interrater reliability, and covered both nonspecific and domain-specific elements.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Implementation Processes and Effectiveness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The coding of treatment elements from trial descriptions accurately reflects the treatments as delivered.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the independent variables in either model showed evidence of multicollinearity (VIF < 2).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > The Effectiveness of Psychological Treatments for Common Mental Disorders Delivered by Nonspecialist Providers in Low- And Middle-Income Countries
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These innovations share a number of key treatment components and implementation processes, including the types of elements and techniques, the training and supervision formats for NSPs, and the number of sessions and duration during which the treatment is delivered.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings point to using relatively simpler treatment protocols as the basis for more widely disseminating empirically supported psychological treatments.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Implications for the Dissemination of Psychological Treatments
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, our findings strongly indicate the need to expand the orthodox definitions of who is considered a mental health-care provider, what constitutes a psychological treatment, and where treatments can be delivered.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Implications for the Dissemination of Psychological Treatments
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These common implementation processes could act as a blueprint for scaling-up these psychological treatments, not just in the LMICs from where our evidence base was generated but globally, with implications for the science of the dissemination of such treatments.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > CONCLUSIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The subgroup of trials that reported on these processes showed a continuing reliance on orthodox, face-to-face methods for training and supervision delivered by experts, which, although reported to be critical to changing behavior in therapy (Beidas et al. 2014), is a significant barrier to scale-up (Fairburn & Patel 2014).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Limitations of the Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beidas et al. 2014
- Not checked yetcites Fairburn & Patel 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, there are significant barriers to the wider adoption of such NSP-delivered psychological treatments, including the need for ongoing, structured supervision and adequate training and compensation (Mendenhall et al. 2014).”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > DISCUSSION > Limitations of the Evidence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mendenhall et al. 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
There will never be enough mental health professionals to deliver psychological treatment in any country.
“The rationale for the principle of involving NSPs is that it is extremely unlikely that there will ever be sufficient mental health professionals to deliver psychological treatment in any country; thus, dissemination hinges on delivery by NSPs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Psychological treatments rely on expensive but scarce mental health professionals for delivery.
“Additionally, these psychological treatments rely on expensive but scarce mental health professionals for delivery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The vast majority of people with common mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries will seek treatment through primary health-care or other community platforms.
“Moving to real-world, LMIC-based settings, in which the vast majority of individuals with CMDs will pursue treatment options through primary health-care or other community platforms, requires psychological treatments to be delivered by nonspecialist providers (NSPs; i.e., through task sharing) and addresses explanatory models distinct from those of mental health practitioners.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 27 included trials are representative of all psychological treatments delivered by nonspecialist providers in low- and middle-income countries.
“We identified 27 trials that met our eligibility criteria, with 35 primary and secondary outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect sizes from the included trials are not substantially biased by publication bias or selective reporting.
“The SMD for the 24 primary outcomes was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.36–0.62), favoring the intervention with the inconsistency measure I2 = 83%”
The paper relies on this without support.
The coding of treatment elements from trial descriptions accurately reflects the treatments as delivered.
“We measured the internal consistency of the taxonomy by using Cronbach’s α”
The paper relies on this without support.
The authors' self-reported treatment classes are accurate.
“When asked, most authors (63%) indicated they used more than one class of treatments”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several randomised controlled trials (RCT), reviewed by Singla and colleagues [9], have demonstrated the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions delivered by non-specialist healthcare workers for mental health conditions in LMICs [10].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There is evidence to suggest that dissemination of such programmes in LMICs that employ task shifting approaches has shown moderate effects in outcomes for common mental health problems.9”
From Evaluating a stepped care model of psychological support for adults affected by adversity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial in Jordan (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“there is a growing body of evidence to suggest that interventions conducted by paraprofessionals and trained lay providers can be effective for common mental disorders [15]”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, an abundance of human resources, including in low-resource and middleresource settings, can be drawn upon to innovatively build systems of mental health care that are contextappropriate.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [389]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To address workforce constraints, it is possible to shift responsibility for mental health care delivery from mental health specialists to primary care or lay health workers, or to share this responsibility, and still provide care that is effective at reducing the burden of common mental disorders. 389”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [389]
In the citing paper
“On the contrary, in the ICD-11 characterization, the most common 'contrapolar' features are irritability, racing or crowded thoughts, increased talkativeness and psychomotor agitation, in line with both the classic 89 and recent 90 literature on this issue.”
From Time for united action on depression: a Lancet–World Psychiatric Association Commission (2022) · cites this paper as [89]
In the citing paper
“In low- and middle-income countries, in-person didactic and supervised role-plays are most commonly utilized for training health workers (Singla et al., 2017).”
From Acceptability and feasibility of digital technology for training community health workers to deliver brief psychological treatment for depression in rural India (2019) · cites this paper as Singla et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“A recent review of 27 trials involving delivery of psychosocial treatments for common mental disorders in adults by non-specialist health workers in low-income and middle-income countries demonstrated effectiveness of these interventions as reflected by a pooled effect size of 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.36–0.62), favoring the interventions compared to control conditions.10”
From Digital Technology for Building Capacity of Nonspecialist Health Workers for Task Sharing and Scaling Up Mental Health Care Globally (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“There is mounting evidence demonstrating the clinical effectiveness of having non-specialist health workers, such as community health workers, lay health workers, midwives, or nurses, deliver brief psychosocial treatments for common mental disorders in primary care settings.”
From Digital Technology for Building Capacity of Nonspecialist Health Workers for Task Sharing and Scaling Up Mental Health Care Globally (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“The examples described in this perspectives article contribute to mounting evidence demonstrating that non-specialist health workers can effectively deliver a wide range of evidence-base mental health treatments across diverse settings globally.5,10”
From Digital Technology for Building Capacity of Nonspecialist Health Workers for Task Sharing and Scaling Up Mental Health Care Globally (2019) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“This finding reinforces evidence that effective interventions can be delivered using supervised non-specialised workers [10,28,42].”
In the citing paper
“Recent meta-analyses indicate that the use of non-specialists can lead to significant improvements in mental health (15).”
From An Open Label Pilot Study of a Brief Psychosocial Intervention for Disaster and Trauma Survivors (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses indicate that this approach can be effective [5–7].”
From Effectiveness of a brief group behavioral intervention for common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Jordan: a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Overall, treatments included an average of 5.22 out of 9 nonspecific elements and 7.81 out of 18 specific elements. On average, treatments comprised 2.24 out of 5 behavioral elements, 2.26 out of 4 emotional elements, 1.71 out of 3 interpersonal elements, and 1.74 out of 6 cognitive elements.”
§ Psychological Treatments for the World: Lessons from Low- and Middle-Income Countries > RESULTS > What: Implementation Processes Related to Treatment Components
Reported 7.81 · recomputed 7.95
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Singla, D. R., Kohrt, B. A., Murray, L. K., Anand, A., Chorpita, B. F., & Patel, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Duke University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Sangath (IN)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2017-05-08
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 149-181
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC5506549
- OpenAlex
- W2404531844
- Cited by
- 913
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 87 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 14
- FWCI
- 9.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (106919, 106919/Z/15)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH104310, U19MH095687)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- psychological intervention, common mental disorders, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, low- and middle-income countries, community health workers, peer-mediated intervention, primary care, brief intervention, treatment effectiveness, implementation process
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Developing Countries, Humans, Mental Health, Psychotherapy, Global Health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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