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Marine Microbial Assemblages on Microplastics: Diversity, Adaptation, and Role in Degradation
Open accessAbstract
We have known for more than 45 years that microplastics in the ocean are carriers of microbially dominated assemblages. However, only recently has the role of microbial interactions with microplastics in marine ecosystems been investigated in detail. Research in this field has focused on three main areas: ( a) the establishment of plastic-specific biofilms (the so-called plastisphere); ( b) enrichment of pathogenic bacteria, particularly members of the genus Vibrio, coupled to a vector function of microplastics; and ( c) the microbial degradation of microplastics in the marine environment. Nevertheless, the relationships between marine microorganisms and microplastics remain unclear. In this review, we deduce from the current literature, new comparative analyses, and considerations of microbial adaptation concerning plastic degradation that interactions between microorganisms and microplastic particles should have rather limited effects on the ocean ecosystems. The majority of microorganisms growing on microplastics seem to belong to opportunistic colonists that do not distinguish between natural and artificial surfaces. Thus, microplastics do not pose a higher risk than natural particles to higher life forms by potentially harboring pathogenic bacteria. On the other hand, microplastics in the ocean represent recalcitrant substances for microorganisms that are insufficient to support prokaryotic metabolism and will probably not be microbially degraded in any period of time relevant to human society. Because we cannot remove microplastics from the ocean, proactive action regarding research on plastic alternatives and strategies to prevent plastic entering the environment should be taken promptly.
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“In contrast to degradation rates, microbial PE mineralization rates in the marine environment have not yet been determined (Jacquin et al., 2019;Oberbeckmann and Labrenz, 2020).”
From A stable isotope assay with 13C-labeled polyethylene to investigate plastic mineralization mediated by Rhodococcus ruber (2023) · cites this paper as Oberbeckmann and Labrenz, 2020
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, several microbes were found that seemingly degrade some plastic polymers directly, 32,33 though it is at present debated if and in how far such metabolic traits exist in the marine environment and/or substantially contribute to plastic removal from the ocean environment.[34][35][36]”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Despite the growing body of evidence that microbial degradation of conventional plastics exists, it is still a matter of debate whether this proceeds in the ocean, and to what extend it provides a sink for PMD.36,70,114,115”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“Earlier works could show that a diversity of microbes colonise PMD”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“some evidence exists that these not only comprise opportunistic communities, but that the different polymers might select for a specic, plastic-related community.36,70,73”
From The fate of plastic in the ocean environment – a minireview (2021) · cites this paper as [36]
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Liu, S., Junaid, M., Sadaf, M., Ai, W., Lan, X., & Wang, J. (2022) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130423 · Cited by 30
Countering microplastics pollution with photocatalysis: Challenge and prospects
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Xu, X., Wang, S., Li, C., Li, J., Gao, F., & Zheng, L. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115444 · Cited by 28
The fate of conventional and potentially degradable gillnets in a seawater-sediment system
Brakstad, O. G., Sørensen, L., Hakvåg, S., Føre, H. M., Su, B., Aas, M., Ribičić, D., & Grimaldo, E. (2022) · Marine Pollution Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113759 · Cited by 30
Xiang, Q., Chen, Q., Yang, X., Li, G., & Zhu, D. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157820 · Cited by 30
Plastic-microbe interaction in the marine environment: Research methods and opportunities
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Nanoplastics in soil plastisphere: Occurrence, bio-interactions and environmental risks
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Bioremediation Techniques for Microplastics Removal
Hadian-Ghazvini, S., Saboor, F. H., & Ardekani, L. S. (2022) · Environmental footprints and eco-design of products and processes · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-8440-1_15 · Cited by 27
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Bioremediation of Polythene and Plastics Using Beneficial Microorganisms
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Dodhia, M. S., Rogers, K. L., Fernández‐Juárez, V., Calabuig, J. A. C., Löscher, C. R., Tisserand, A. A., Keulen, N., Riemann, L., Shashoua, Y., & Posth, N. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2023.1134815 · Cited by 26
“Potential plastic degradation pathways, as they are currently understood, become increasingly limited (Oberbeckmann and Labrenz, 2020).”
BackgroundSingleton, S. L., Davis, E. W., Arnold, H. K., Daniels, A. M. Y., Brander, S. M., Parsons, R. J., Sharpton, T. J., & Giovannoni, S. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259014 · Cited by 24
Dhaundiyal, A., & Mittal, A. (2024) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-024-07506-6 · Cited by 25
“Studies have elicited that MPs in the environment drive microorganisms to acclimate to challenging conditions through evolutionary mechanisms, enabling them to better tolerate the pollution caused by MPs (Oberbeckmann and Labrenz, 2020).”
Biofilm development as a factor driving the degradation of plasticised marine microplastics
Gulizia, A. M., Bell, S. C., Kuek, F., Santana, M., Edmunds, R. C., Yeoh, Y. K., Sato, Y., Haikola, P., van Herwerden, L., Motti, C. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136975 · Cited by 26
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Identification of Microorganisms Related to Microplastics
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Research progresses and prospects of microplasticsin the environment
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Seasonal and spatial variations in microplastics abundances in St. Andrew Bay, Florida
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“To evaluate the importance of physical substrate, we studied colonization of four of the most common types of plastics found in the marine zone, namely polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), LDPE and PET [8, 17, 28, 29].”
BackgroundYuan, F., Zou, X., Liao, Q., Wang, T., Zhang, H., Xue, Y., Chen, H., Ding, Y., Lü, M., Song, Y., et al. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124465 · Cited by 22
Xu, W., Lam, C., Wang, Y., Wan, S. H., Ho, P., Myung, J., & Yung, C. C. M. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125572 · Cited by 23
Metadata
- Authors
- Oberbeckmann, S., & Labrenz, M.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Labrenz, Matthias
- Venue
- Annual Review of Marine Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-01-03
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 209-232
- ISSN
- 1941-0611 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-1405
- OpenAlex
- W2949351613
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 74 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 39
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annual Review of Marine Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (03F0788A, 03F0775A)
- Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft (SAW-2014-IOW-2)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- microplastics, marine microbial communities, plastisphere, biofilm, Vibrio, pathogenic bacteria, microbial adaptation, plastic degradation, marine plastic pollution, plastic alternatives
- MeSH terms
- Microplastics, Adaptation, Physiological, Bacteria, Oceans and Seas, Water Pollutants, Biofilms, Biodiversity, Microbiota
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