Sex hormones and prostate cancer
Open accessAbstract
The prostate is an androgen-dependent organ that develops only in male mammals. Prostate cancer is the most common nonskin malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Metastatic prostate cancer initially retains its androgen dependence, and androgen-deprivation therapy often leads to disease control; however, the cancer inevitably progresses despite treatment as castration-resistant prostate cancer, the lethal form of the disease. Although it was assumed that the cancer became androgen independent during this transition, studies over the last two decades have shown that these tumors evade treatment via mechanisms that augment acquisition of androgens from circulating precursors, increase sensitivity to androgens and androgen precursors, bypass the androgen receptor, or a combination of these mechanisms. This review summarizes the history of prostate cancer research leading to the contemporary view of androgen dependence for prostate cancers and the current treatment approaches based on this modern paradigm.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Continuous subcutaneous delivery of HC is suitable for mimicking physiologic cortisol secretion patterns and is useful in patients with rapid cortisol metabolism or impaired gut absorption, but this approach is less practical than oral drugs for widespread chronic use.
“Continuous subcutaneous delivery of HC is also suitable for mimicking physiologic cortisol secretion patterns and is useful in patients with rapid cortisol metabolism or impaired gut absorption (493), but this approach is less practical than oral drugs for widespread chronic use.”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [493]
Cites
Abiraterone and Increased Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
de Bono, J. S., Logothetis, C. J., Molina, A., Fizazi, K., North, S., Chu, L., Chi, K. N., Jones, R. J., Goodman, O. B., Saad, F., et al. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1014618 · Cited by 4,407 · see citing works
Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
Tran, C., Ouk, S., Clegg, N. J., Chen, Y., Watson, P. A., Arora, V., Wongvipat, J., Smith-Jones, P. M., Yoo, D., Kwon, A., et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1168175 · Cited by 2,292 · see citing works
Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy
Chen, C. D., Welsbie, D. S., Tran, C., Baek, S. H., Chen, R., Vessella, R., Rosenfeld, M. G., & Sawyers, C. L. (2004) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm972 · Cited by 2,278 · see citing works
Enzalutamide with Standard First-Line Therapy in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Davis, I. D., Martin, A. J., Stockler, M. R., Begbie, S., Chi, K. N., Chowdhury, S., Coskinas, X., Frydenberg, M., Hague, W. E., Horvath, L. G., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1903835 · Cited by 1,633 · see citing works
Molecular biology of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 –isomerase gene family
Simard, J., Ricketts, M.-L., Gingras, S., Soucy, P., Feltus, F. A., & Melner, M. H. (2005) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2002-0050 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Rege, J., Nakamura, Y., Satoh, F., Morimoto, R., Kennedy, M. R., Layman, L. C., Honma, S., Sasano, H., & Rainey, W. E. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2912 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Storbeck, K.-H., Bloem, L. M., Africander, D., Schloms, L., Swart, P., & Swart, A. C. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2013.07.006 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Barnard, M., Quanson, J. L., Mostaghel, E., Pretorius, E., Snoep, J. L., & Storbeck, K.-H. (2018) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.013 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management
Claahsen - van der Grinten, H. L., Speiser, P. W., Ahmed, S. F., Arlt, W., Auchus, R. J., Falhammar, H., Flück, C. E., Guasti, L., Huebner, A., Kortmann, B. B. M., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab016 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Self-citationAbiraterone acetate treatment lowers 11-oxygenated androgens
Wright, C., O’Day, P., Alyamani, M., Sharifi, N., & Auchus, R. J. (2020) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-19-0905 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationJoshi, M., Kim, J., D’Alessandro, A., Monk, E., Bruce, K., Elajaili, H., Nozik-Grayck, E., Goodspeed, A., Costello, J. C., & Schlaepfer, I. R. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12113431 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
- Authors
- Auchus, R. J., & Sharifi, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Medicine
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-01-27
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-45
- ISSN
- 0066-4219 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-326X
- OpenAlex
- W2981057052
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 1.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- prostate cancer, sex hormones, androgen dependence, androgen deprivation therapy, castration-resistant prostate cancer, androgen receptor, androgen production, androgen sensitivity, metastatic prostate cancer, treatment resistance
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Androgen Antagonists, Androgens, Biopsy, Needle, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasm Staging, Prognosis, Prostatectomy, Receptors, Androgen, Survival Analysis, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Risk Assessment, Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
