11-Oxygenated androgen precursors are the preferred substrates for aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3): implications for castration resistant prostate cancer
Open accessAbstract
The progression of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is driven by the intratumoral conversion of adrenal androgen precursors to potent androgens. The expression of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3), which catalyses the reduction of weak androgens to more potent androgens, is significantly increased in CRPC tumours. The oxidation of androgens to their inactive form is catalysed by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (17βHSD2), but little attention is given to the expression levels of this enzyme. In this study, we show that the 11-oxygenated androgen precursors of adrenal origin are the preferred substrate for AKR1C3. In particular we show that the enzymatic efficiency of AKR1C3 is 8- and 24-fold greater for 11-ketoandrostenedione than for the classic substrates androstenedione and 5α-androstanedione, respectively. Using three independent experimental systems and a computational model we subsequently show that increased ratios of AKR1C3:17βHSD2 significantly favours the flux through the 11-oxygenated androgen pathway as compared to the classical or 5α-androstanedione pathways. Our findings reveal that the flux through the classical and 5α-androstanedione pathways are limited by the low catalytic efficiently of AKR1C3 towards classical androgens combined with the high catalytic efficiency of 17βHSD2, and that the expression of the oxidative enzyme therefore plays a vital role in determining the steady state concentration of active androgens. Using microarray data from prostate tissue we confirm that the AKR1C3:17βHSD2 ratio is significantly increased in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy as compared to benign tissue, and further increased in patients with CRPC. Taken together this study therefore demonstrates that the ratio of AKR1C3:17βHSD2 is more important than AKR1C3 expression alone in determining intratumoral androgen levels and that 11-oxygenated androgens may play a bigger role in CRPC than previously anticipated.
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11KT is nearly as potent as testosterone in transactivating the human androgen receptor.
“11KT, which is in fact the major testicular androgen in teleost fishes (125), is nearly as potent as testosterone in transactivating the human androgen receptor (126).”
From Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia—Current Insights in Pathophysiology, Diagnostics, and Management (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
The Introduction (page unavailable) calls 11KT a potent androgen and says it induces androgen-dependent gene and protein expression and cell growth. It does not compare 11KT with testosterone in transactivating the human androgen receptor; its equipotency statement instead compares 11KDHT with DHT. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAKR1C3 catalyzes conversion of 11KA4 to 11KT with an 8-fold higher efficiency than that of A4 to testosterone, which may account for higher levels of peripheral activation.
“Indeed, a recent study has shown that AKR1C3 catalyzes the conversion of 11KA4 to 11KT with an 8-fold higher efficiency than that of A4 to testosterone, which may account for higher levels of peripheral activation [73].”
From Human steroid biosynthesis, metabolism and excretion are differentially reflected by serum and urine steroid metabolomes: a comprehensive review (2019) · cites this paper as [73]
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- Authors
- Barnard, M., Quanson, J. L., Mostaghel, E., Pretorius, E., Snoep, J. L., & Storbeck, K.-H.
- Affiliations
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Storbeck, Karl-Heinz
- Venue
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 183
- Pages
- 192-201
- ISSN
- 0960-0760 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6283102
- OpenAlex
- W2809641829
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of South Africa (98886)
- NRF/DST (NRF-SARCHI-82813)
- Medical Research Council of South Africa
- NIH Pacific Northwest Prostate Cancer SPORE (P50 CA97186)
- NIH (P01 CA163227)
- DOD (W81XWH-15-1-0150, W81XWH-12-1-0208)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Aldose Reductase and Taurine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Keywords
- castration-resistant prostate cancer, aldo-keto reductase 1C3, AKR1C3, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, 11-oxygenated androgens, 11-ketoandrostenedione, androgen production, androgen deprivation therapy, enzyme catalytic efficiency
- MeSH terms
- Aldo-Keto Reductase Family 1 Member C3, Androgens, Estradiol Dehydrogenases, Humans, Male, Oxygen, Steroids, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Computational Biology, Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
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