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Political Misinformation
Open accessAbstract
Misinformation occurs when people hold incorrect factual beliefs and do so confidently. The problem, first conceptualized by Kuklinski and colleagues in 2000, plagues political systems and is exceedingly difficult to correct. In this review, we assess the empirical literature on political misinformation in the United States and consider what scholars have learned since the publication of that early study. We conclude that research on this topic has developed unevenly. Over time, scholars have elaborated on the psychological origins of political misinformation, and this work has cumulated in a productive way. By contrast, although there is an extensive body of research on how to correct misinformation, this literature is less coherent in its recommendations. Finally, a nascent line of research asks whether people's reports of their factual beliefs are genuine or are instead a form of partisan cheerleading. Overall, scholarly research on political misinformation illustrates the many challenges inherent in representative democracy.
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“Misinformation can lead to misperceptions, as discussed earlier with regard to elites (Jerit & Zhao, 2020).”
From How to study democratic backsliding (2024) · cites this paper as Jerit & Zhao, 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jerit, J., & Zhao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Stony Brook University (US)
- ORCID
- Jerit, Jennifer
- Venue
- Annual Review of Political Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-05-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-94
- ISSN
- 1094-2939 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-1577
- OpenAlex
- W4249407388
- Cited by
- 263
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 8
- FWCI
- 5.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Political Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Houston
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Misinformation and Its Impacts
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Keywords
- political misinformation, factual beliefs, belief confidence, misinformation correction, representative democracy, American politics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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