Cited by 299Memory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural MechanismsCognitive Functions and Memory

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Distributed Representations in Memory: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging

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Rissman, Jesse, Wagner, Anthony D.·2012·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100344PMC PMC4533899

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Abstract

Forging new memories for facts and events, holding critical details in mind on a moment-to-moment basis, and retrieving knowledge in the service of current goals all depend on a complex interplay between neural ensembles throughout the brain. Over the past decade, researchers have increasingly utilized powerful analytical tools (e.g., multivoxel pattern analysis) to decode the information represented within distributed functional magnetic resonance imaging activity patterns. In this review, we discuss how these methods can sensitively index neural representations of perceptual and semantic content and how leverage on the engagement of distributed representations provides unique insights into distinct aspects of memory-guided behavior. We emphasize that, in addition to characterizing the contents of memories, analyses of distributed patterns shed light on the processes that influence how information is encoded, maintained, or retrieved, and thus inform memory theory. We conclude by highlighting open questions about memory that can be addressed through distributed pattern analyses.

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Copyright Page
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Dedication
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Preface
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Abbreviations
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“…of neural reinstatement—the extent to which neural activity patterns during retrieval resemble encoding-related patterns (Danker & Anderson, 2010; Rissman & Wagner, 2012; Rugg et al., 2015)—is positively associated with memory performance, and therefore thought to reflect the quantity and…”
Forward reactivation in human hippocampal CA1 supports repetition learning and is preserved in the aging brainPreprint
Gao, Z., Zheng, L., Menon, V., & Cai, W. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.20.760541
“Multivariate approaches, which read out distributed patterns of activity rather than their amplitude, make that distinction tractable and are critical for probing the mechanisms of repetition-based learning 9,10 .”
Issues in SLA revisited
Smith, M. S., & Truscott, J. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139644044.013
References
Smith, M. S., & Truscott, J. (1920) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139644044.015

Authors: Rissman, J., & Wagner, A. D.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Rissman, Jesse
Wagner, Anthony D.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2012-01-10
Volume: 63
Issue: 1
Pages: 101-128
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100344
PMC: PMC4533899
OpenAlex: W2141815738
Cited by: 299
References: 179
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
FWCI: 1.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh080309-04)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH080309, 5R01MH080309, R01MH076932)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F32NS059195)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: distributed representations, memory, neuronal ensembles, multi-voxel pattern analysis, memory-guided behavior, memory encoding, memory retrieval, perceptual content, semantic content, memory theory, functional MRI
MeSH terms: Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Functional Neuroimaging, Memory, Episodic

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Distributed Representations in Memory: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging

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