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Cited by 178Bacteriophages and microbial interactionsInvertebrate Immune Response MechanismsImmune Response and Inflammation

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Bacteriophages and the Immune System

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Popescu, Medeea, Van Belleghem, Jonas D., Khosravi, Arya, Bollyky, Paul L.·2021·Annual Review of Virology
DOI 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-074551
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Abstract

Bacteriophages-viruses that infect bacteria-are abundant within our bodies, but their significance to human health is only beginning to be explored. Here, we synthesize what is currently known about our phageome and its interactions with the immune system. We first review how phages indirectly affect immunity via bacterial expression of phage-encoded proteins. We next review how phages directly influence innate immunity and bacterial clearance. Finally, we discuss adaptive immunity against phages and its implications for phage/bacterial interactions. In light of these data, we propose that our microbiome can be understood as an interconnected network of bacteria, bacteriophages, and human cells and that the stability of these tri-kingdom interactions may be important for maintaining our immunologic and metabolic health. Conversely, the disruption of this balance, through exposure to exogenous phages, microbial dysbiosis, or immune dysregulation, may contribute to disease.

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Metadata

Authors
Popescu, M., Van Belleghem, J. D., Khosravi, A., & Bollyky, P. L.
Affiliations
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
Corresponding author
Popescu, Medeea
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Virology
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2021-09-29
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
415-435
ISSN
  • 2327-056X (ISSN-L)
  • 2327-0578
DOI
10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-074551
OpenAlex
W3161443688
Cited by
178
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 38 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 6
FWCI
2.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Annual Review of Virology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Bacteriophages and microbial interactions
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords
bacteriophages, phageome, phage-bacteria interactions, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, phage-encoded proteins, bacterial clearance, microbiome, dysbiosis, immune dysregulation, phage therapy
MeSH terms
Bacteria, Bacteriophages, Humans, Immune System, Viruses, Microbiota

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Bacteriophages and the Immune System. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-074551
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Popescu, M., Van Belleghem, J. D., Khosravi, A., & Bollyky, P. L. (2021). Bacteriophages and the Immune System. Annual Review of Virology. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-074551