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Cited by 643SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchAnimal Virus Infections StudiesVirology and Viral Diseases

Continuous and Discontinuous RNA Synthesis in Coronaviruses

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Sola, Isabel, Almazán, Fernando, Zúñiga, Sonia, Enjuanes, Luis·2015·Annual Review of Virology
DOI 10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055218PMC PMC6025776
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Abstract

Replication of the coronavirus genome requires continuous RNA synthesis, whereas transcription is a discontinuous process unique among RNA viruses. Transcription includes a template switch during the synthesis of subgenomic negative-strand RNAs to add a copy of the leader sequence. Coronavirus transcription is regulated by multiple factors, including the extent of base-pairing between transcription-regulating sequences of positive and negative polarity, viral and cell protein–RNA binding, and high-order RNA-RNA interactions. Coronavirus RNA synthesis is performed by a replication-transcription complex that includes viral and cell proteins that recognize cis-acting RNA elements mainly located in the highly structured 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions. In addition to many viral nonstructural proteins, the presence of cell nuclear proteins and the viral nucleocapsid protein increases virus amplification efficacy. Coronavirus RNA synthesis is connected with the formation of double-membrane vesicles and convoluted membranes. Coronaviruses encode proofreading machinery, unique in the RNA virus world, to ensure the maintenance of their large genome size.

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  • Coronaviruses generate subgenomic mRNAs for translating structural proteins including the spike protein.

    “Coronaviruses generate subgenomic mRNAs for translating structural proteins including the spike protein [59,60].”

    From Detailed Dissection and Critical Evaluation of the Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna mRNA Vaccines (2021) · cites this paper as [59]

    The CORONAVIRUS REPLICATION AND TRANSCRIPTION section states that coronavirus transcription produces subgenomic mRNAs encoding structural proteins, and the REGULATION OF CORONAVIRUS PROTEIN STOICHIOMETRIC RATIOS section describes their translation into viral proteins. The passages do not identify spike specifically as one of those proteins, so that detail is not verified by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Sola, I., Almazán, F., Zúñiga, S., & Enjuanes, L.
Affiliations
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
ORCID
Venue
Annual Review of Virology
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
2015-11-09
Volume
2
Issue
1
Pages
265-288
ISSN
  • 2327-056X (ISSN-L)
  • 2327-0578
DOI
10.1146/annurev-virology-100114-055218
PMC
PMC6025776
OpenAlex
W1862727846
Cited by
643
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 45 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 123 · 2021: 161 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5
FWCI
0.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Virology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
  • National Institutes of Health (HHSN266200700010C, FP7/2007-2013, CRIP-HHSN266200700010C)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P01AI060699)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
Keywords
coronavirus, RNA synthesis, discontinuous transcription, template switching, 5' untranslated region, cis-acting RNA elements, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, replication-transcription complex, nucleocapsid protein, double-membrane vesicles, proofreading, viral RNA replication
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, RNA, Viral, Transcription, Genetic, Coronavirus, Coronavirus Infections

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