A Comprehensive Review About SARS-CoV-2
Open accessAbstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in China, December 2019. Since then, it has spread the length and breadth of the world at an unprecedented, alarming rate. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, which causes COVID-19, has much in common with its closest homologs, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV. The virus-host interaction of SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor, ACE2, which is similar to that of SARS-CoV, which spreads through the respiratory tract. Patients with COVID-19 report symptoms including mild-to-severe fever, cough and fatigue; very few patients report gastrointestinal infections. There are no specific antiviral strategies. A few strong medications are under investigation, so we have to focus on proposals which ought to be taken to forestall this infection in a living host.
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Membrane fusion is described as a key step required before viral entry into the host cell.
“The fusion of two membranes is the crucial step before the virus enters the host cell [11, 12].”
From Waves and variants of SARS-CoV-2: understanding the causes and effect of the COVID-19 catastrophe (2022) · cites this paper as [11]
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Rapid and Sensitive SERS-Based Lateral Flow Test for SARS-CoV2-Specific IgM/IgG Antibodies
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Recent Progress Using De Novo Design to Study Protein Structure, Design and Binding Interactions
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V483A: an Emerging Mutation Hotspot of SARS-CoV-2
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Herpesviruses and SARS-CoV-2: Viral Association with Oral Inflammatory Diseases
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From Emergence to Endemicity: A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19
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The Bright and Dark Sides of Reactive Oxygen Species Generated by Copper–Peptide Complexes
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Looking for SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics Through Computational Approaches
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SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1: So Different yet so Alike. Immune Response at the Cellular and Molecular Level
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The vital role of animal, marine, and microbial natural products against COVID-19
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Cyanobacteria and their metabolites - can they be helpful in the fight against pathogenic microbes?
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Cottignies-Calamarte, A., Marteau, F., He, F., Belouzard, S., Dubuisson, J., Tudor, D., Viollet, B., & Bomsel, M. (2025) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00394-25 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Does test anxiety and gender have an impact on OSCE Performance among medical students?
Arain, F. R. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94165 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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Current challenges in different approaches to control COVID-19: a comprehensive review
Giri, S., Sen, S., Singh, R., Paul, P., Sahu, R., Nandi, G., & Dua, T. K. (2022) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center · doi:10.1186/s42269-022-00730-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Nguyen, H. O., Tiberio, L., Facchinetti, F., Ripari, G., Violi, V., Villetti, G., Salvi, V., & Bosisio, D. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15092254 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Portable DNA Probe Detector and a New Dry-QCM Approach for SARS-CoV-2 Detection
Munthala, D., Sonklin, T., Chanlek, N., Mathur, A. K., Roy, S., Avasthi, D. K., Suksaweang, S., & Pojprapai, S. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13030114 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Computational Analysis Predicts Correlations among Amino Acids in SARS-CoV-2 Proteomes
Broni, E., & Miller, W. A. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020512 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Selvaraj, C., Dinesh, D. C., Krafčíková, P., Bouřa, E., Aarthy, M., Pravin, M. A., & Singh, S. K. (2021) · Current Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.2174/1874467214666210906125959 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Soorajkumar, A., Alakraf, E., Uddin, M. J., du Plessis, S. S., Alsheikh-Ali, A. A. A., & Kandasamy, R. K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158822 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Schmidt, J., Berghaus, S., Blessing, F., Wenzel, F., Herbeck, H., Blessing, J., Schierack, P., Rödiger, S., & Roggenbuck, D. (2021) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00443-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Osuagwu, A. E., Payne, M., Bosch, J., Mbonye, U. R., Nguyen, K., Karn, J., Bruchez, A. M., & King, C. L. (2025) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.1093/jimmun/vkaf123 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Drug Repurposing For SARS-COV-2 Using Molecular Docking
Aqeel, I., Majid, A., Ismail, M. I., & Bashir, H. (2022) · International Bhurban Conference on Applied Sciences and Technology (IBCAST) · doi:10.1109/ibcast54850.2022.9990466 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Bösebeck, F., Worthmann, H., Möller, C., & Konrad, C. (2023) · Journal of Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1177/17446295231168293 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Drugs repurposing for SARS-CoV-2: new insight of COVID-19 druggability
Debnath, S. K., Debnath, M., Srivastava, R., & Omri, A. (2022) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2022.2082944 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 virus: origin, structure and replication cycle
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Alhajaji, R., Almasodi, K., Alhajaji, A., Alturkstani, A., & Samkari, M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94154 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v21 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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Liu, B., Liu, C., Sunggip, C., Pu, G., & Deng, D. (2025) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2025.101415 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Identification of interaction partners using protein aggregation and NMR spectroscopy
Chae, Y. K., Shin, H. B., & Woo, T. R. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270058 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kanwal, S., Fatima, S. S., Abid, F., Jafri, A., Kazmi, F. H., & Fatima, N. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Exploration of the cross-immunity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in mice
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Genetics and Biological Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2
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Diagnosing COVID-19: diagnostic importance of detectingEgene of the SARS-CoV-2 genome
Barjaktarović, I., Maletić, J. S., Vučinić, N., Milutinović, A., Grujičić, M., & Čabarkapa, V. (2023) · Future Virology · doi:10.2217/fvl-2021-0330 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Computational Drug Design Strategies for Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hakmi, M., Bouricha, E. M., Soussi, A., Bzioui, I. A., Belyamani, L., & Ibrahimi, A. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61939-7_11 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Khan, N., Khan, M. A., Khan, M. A., Ejaz, A., Warraitch, A., & Khan, H. J. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94156 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Trend of Four Consultation Models in Four Specialties at Four Tertiary Care Hospitals
Abdulghani, H. M., Sattar, K., Karim, S. I., Ahmad, T., Akram, A., Alsalem, R., Alruwaite, M., Alkhraiji, N., Al-Ghamdi, G. M., & Alkhulaifi, A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94153 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Not Continuing Initiated Breastfeeding among Saudi Females in Abha
Mandoura, Y. T., Alsaleh, M., & Alsaleem, S. A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94164 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Impact of Covid-19 on asthmatic patients in Western region in Saudi Arabia
AlGhamdi, A. N. Z., Albaqami, A. M., Abdullah, A. M., Alsukhayri, D. A., Alawi, H. A., & Baabbad, A. S. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94161 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sharma, S. (2021) · Journal of Public Health and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jphpc.jphpc_10_21 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A REVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FAVIPRAVIR AGAINST SARS COV 2 INFECTION
VINOD, B. (2022) · International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2022v14i2.1957 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Coronavirus Pandemic: A Review of Different Machine Learning Approaches
Singh, B. P., & Agarwal, R. (2022) · Lecture notes on data engineering and communications technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7610-9_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Immune system response to the Covid 19 virus and 3rd boosters
Spigelman, M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94159 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-l393t-v35 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v30 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Datta, S. (2020) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v15 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-l393t-v33 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v32
Datta, S. (2021) · doi:10.33774/chemrxiv-2021-l393t-v35
Knowledge, Attitude and Awareness towards Corneal Donation in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia
Alamri, A., Alqahtani, F. M., Alqahtani, H. A., Alqahtani, M., Alqahtani, M. M., Shibli, M. A. A., & Almastour, R. A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94162
Clinical Efficacy and Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Inclisiran
bin Daud, M. D. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94166
Non-surgical options to treat androgenic alopecia
Abdalla, M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94168
Impact of COVID-19 on patients receiving chemotherapy for gynecological cancer
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AlShareef, F., Al-Faris, A., Alhafez, N. A., Albulosh, A. S., Aljuhni, A., Almahmoud, K. A., Almajdui, M. A., Alswayed, K. E., Alghuraybi, S. I., Alomary, S. A., et al. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94157
El-Gamal, F., Aljudaibi, A., Alzahrani, A., Alharthy, L., & Huwait, T. A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94155
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v31
Datta, S. (2021) · doi:10.33774/chemrxiv-2021-l393t-v33
Abu‐Saleh, A. A. A., Yadav, A., & Poirier, R. A. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.14130353
Abdalla, M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94167
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v19
Datta, S. (2021) · doi:10.33774/chemrxiv-2021-l393t-v36
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Datta, S. (2021) · ChemRxiv · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv.13102877.v25
- Authors
- Haque, S. M., Ashwaq, O., Sarief, A., & Azad John Mohamed, A. K.
- Affiliations
- Jubail Industrial College (SA)
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology Jubail Industrial College P. O. Box 10099 Jubail Industrial City 31961 Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author
- Haque, SK Manirul
- Venue
- Future Virology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 625-648
- ISSN
- 1746-0794 (ISSN-L)
- 1746-0808
- PMC
- PMC7664148
- OpenAlex
- W3096912664
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2021-07-08)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Future Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, ACE2 receptor, host-virus interaction, respiratory transmission, clinical symptoms, antiviral strategies, prevention
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