Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 300

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES

Impey, Chris, Bothun, Greg·1997·Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
DOI 10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.267
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

▪ Abstract The properties of galaxies that are lower in surface brightness than the dark night sky are reviewed. There are substantial selection effects against the discovery of galaxies that are unevolved or diffuse; these systems are missing from most wide field catalogs. Low surface brightness galaxies make up a significant amount of the luminosity density of the local universe. They contribute substantial but poorly determined amounts to the census of baryons and dark matter. Low surface brightness galaxies are also relevant to the interpretation of quasar absorption lines and to the understanding of rapidly evolving galaxy populations in the more distant universe. Theories of galaxy formation and evolution must accomodate the properties of these diffuse stellar systems.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.267

Cites

65 of 65 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 65 references

Cited by

See all 300

Metadata

Authors
Impey, C., & Bothun, G.
Venue
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
1997-09
Volume
35
Issue
1
Pages
267-307
ISSN
  • 0066-4146 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-4282
DOI
10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.267
OpenAlex
W2108500514
Cited by
300
References
65
FWCI
1.50
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.267
The paper
Impey, C., & Bothun, G. (1997). LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXIES. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.267

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.