The DOI matches its Crossref record; 249 of the 249 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER
Abstract
▪ Abstract The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general meso-endoderm inducer (involving the TFG-β signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.
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“The canonical Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in cell fate decisions during early embryogenesis, and perhaps the best model organism where this was elegantly worked out is the Xenopus system.49”
From Wnt signal transduction pathways (2008) · cites this paper as [49]
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“These target genes include those required for organizer formation during embryogenesis such as Siamois and Twin and genes involved in oncogenesis such as Myc and CyclinD1 during cancer formation.48,49”
From Wnt signal transduction pathways (2008) · cites this paper as [49]
Citations
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Dehal, P., Satou, Y., Campbell, R. K., Chapman, J., Degnan, B., De Tomaso, A., Davidson, B., Di Gregorio, A., Gelpke, M., Goodstein, D. M., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1080049 · Cited by 1,641
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SOST Is a Ligand for LRP5/LRP6 and a Wnt Signaling Inhibitor
Semënov, M., Tamai, K., & He, X. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m504308200 · Cited by 771
DORSAL-VENTRAL PATTERNING AND NEURAL INDUCTION IN XENOPUS EMBRYOS
De Robertis, E. M., & Kuroda, H. (2004) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.011403.154124 · Cited by 671
Metadata
- Authors
- Harland, R., & Gerhart, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- ORCID
- Harland, Richard
- Venue
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 611-667
- ISSN
- 1081-0706 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8995
- OpenAlex
- W2115686163
- Cited by
- 839
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM 19363, GM 42341, R01GM042341, R01GM049346, GM 49346)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development and cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation
- Keywords
- Spemann organizer, amphibian embryos, TGF-beta signaling, Wnt signaling, maternal factors, competence domains, dorsalization, BMP antagonists, neural induction, dorsal mesoderm, gastrulation, blastula
- MeSH terms
- Amphibians, Animals, Blastocyst, Cell Differentiation, Endoderm, Gastrula, Mesoderm, Signal Transduction
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