The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean?
Abstract
▪ Abstract Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases in each of these makes it difficult to attribute recent changes in disease occurrence or severity to any one factor. For example, the increase in disease of Caribbean coral is postulated to be a result of climate change and introduction of terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (a) warming increased disease in turtles; (b) protection, pollution, and terrestrial pathogens increased mammal disease; (c) aquaculture increased disease in mollusks; and (d) release from overfished predators increased sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing and pollution may have reduced disease in fishes. In other taxa (e.g., sea grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there is little evidence that disease has changed over time. The diversity of patterns suggests there are many ways that environmental change can interact with disease in the ocean.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Historical Overfishing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems
Jackson, J. B. C., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. A., Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J. A., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1059199 · Cited by 6,652
Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs
Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (1999) · Marine and Freshwater Research · doi:10.1071/mf99078 · Cited by 3,878
Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities
Myers, R. A., & Worm, B. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01610 · Cited by 2,969
Climate Warming and Disease Risks for Terrestrial and Marine Biota
Harvell, C. D., Mitchell, C. E., Ward, J. R., Altizer, S., Dobson, A. P., Ostfeld, R. S., & Samuel, M. D. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063699 · Cited by 2,725
Emerging Marine Diseases--Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors
Harvell, C. D., Kim, K., Burkholder, J. M., Colwell, R. R., Epstein, P. R., Grimes, D. J., Hofmann, E. E., Lipp, E. K., Osterhaus, A. D. M. E., Overstreet, R. M., et al. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5433.1505 · Cited by 1,834
Self-citationCoral bleaching: causes and consequences
Brown, B. E. (1997) · Coral Reefs · doi:10.1007/s003380050249 · Cited by 1,642
Introduced species and their missing parasites
Torchin, M. E., Lafferty, K. D., Dobson, A. P., McKenzie, V. J., & Kuris, A. M. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01346 · Cited by 1,491
Self-citationLevitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., & Stephens, C. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5461.2225 · Cited by 1,474
Geochemical Consequences of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Coral Reefs
Kleypas, J. A., Buddemeier, R. W., Archer, D., Gattuso, J.-P., Langdon, C., & Opdyke, B. N. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.284.5411.118 · Cited by 1,355
Invasion of Coastal Marine Communities in North America: Apparent Patterns, Processes, and Biases
Ruiz, G. M., Fofonoff, P. W., Carlton, J. T., Wonham, M. J., & Hines, A. H. (2000) · Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.481 · Cited by 1,097
Cited by
A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems
Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., Bruno, J. F., Casey, K. S., Ebert, C., Fox, H. E., et al. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1149345 · Cited by 6,627
Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries
Allison, E. H., Perry, A. L., Badjeck, M., Neil Adger, W., Brown, K., Conway, D., Halls, A. S., Pilling, G. M., Reynolds, J. D., Andrew, N. L., et al. (2009) · Fish and Fisheries · doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00310.x · Cited by 1,259
The ecology of climate change and infectious diseases
Lafferty, K. D. (2009) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/08-0079.1 · Cited by 1,197
Self-citationBiodiversity inhibits parasites: Broad evidence for the dilution effect
Civitello, D. J., Cohen, J., Fatima, H., Halstead, N. T., Liriano, J., McMahon, T. A., Ortega, C. N., Sauer, E. L., Sehgal, T., Young, S., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1506279112 · Cited by 758
Lewin, W.-C., Arlinghaus, R., & Mehner, T. (2006) · Reviews in Fisheries Science · doi:10.1080/10641260600886455 · Cited by 668
Metadata
- Authors
- Lafferty, K. D., Porter, J. W., & Ford, S. E.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2004-12-15
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-54
- ISSN
- 1543-592X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2069
- OpenAlex
- W2135886772
- Cited by
- 377
- References
- 78
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704
- The paper
- Lafferty, K. D., Porter, J. W., & Ford, S. E. (2004). Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean? Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105704
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.