CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 182Evolution and Genetic DynamicsBacterial Genetics and BiotechnologyDNA Repair Mechanisms

Mechanisms of Stationary Phase Mutation: A Decade of Adaptive Mutation

Open access
Foster, P. L.·1999·Annual Review of Genetics
DOI 10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.57PMC PMC2922758
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

▪ Abstract A decade of research on adaptive mutation has revealed a plethora of mutagenic mechanisms that may be important in evolution. The DNA synthesis associated with recombination could be an important source of spontaneous mutation in cells that are not proliferating. The movement of insertion elements can be responsive to environmental conditions. Insertion elements not only activate and inactivate genes, they also provide sequence homology that allows large-scale genomic rearrangements. Some conjugative plasmids can recombine with their host's chromosome, and may acquire chromosomal genes that could then spread through the population and even to other species. Finally, a subpopulation of transient hypermutators could be a source of multiple variant alleles, providing a mechanism for rapid evolution under adverse conditions.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.57

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Forward mutations in rpoB affect the structure of bacterial RNA polymerase; they are non-neutral with regard to cellular fitness and can affect growth rate to a different extent depending on the genetic background.

    “For instance, forward mutations in rpoB affect the structure of bacterial RNA polymerase; they are, therefore, non-neutral with regard to the cellular fitness and can affect growth rate to a different extent depending on the genetic background (Figure 1C) [17].”

    From Efficient, robust, and versatile fluctuation data analysis using MLE MUtation Rate calculator (mlemur) (2023) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Introduction section, under “Nonselected Mutations Appear During Lactose Selection” (page unavailable), mentions rpoB mutations that confer rifampicin resistance. It does not address changes to RNA polymerase structure, fitness costs, or growth-rate effects that vary by genetic background. Searches for those terms found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 164

  1. [1]Ames BN, McCann J, Yamasaki E. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome mutagenicity test. Mutat. Res. 1975;31:347–364. doi: 10.1016/0165-1161(75)90046-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  2. [2]Andersson DI, Slechta ES, Roth JR. Evidence that gene amplification underlies adaptive mutability of the bacterial lac operon. Science. 1998;282:1133–1135. doi: 10.1126/science.282.5391.1133. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  3. [3]Arjan J, de Visser GM, Zeyl CW, Gerrish PJ, Blanchard JL, Lenski RE. Diminishing returns from mutation supply rate in asexual populations. Science. 1999;283:404–406. doi: 10.1126/science.283.5400.404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  4. [4]Bates H, Randall SK, Rayssiguier C, Bridges BA, Goodman MF, Radman M. Spontaneous and UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli K-12 strains with altered or absent DNA polymerase I. J. Bacteriol. 1989;171:2480–2484. doi: 10.1128/jb.171.5.2480-2484.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  5. [5]Beletskii A, Bhagwat AS. Transcription-induced mutations: increases in C to T mutations in the nontranscribed strand during transcription in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1996;93:13919–13924. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.24.13919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  6. [6]Benov L, Fridovich I. The rate of adaptive mutagenesis in Escherichia coli is enhanced by oxygen (superoxide) Mutat. Res. 1996;357:231–236. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00128-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  7. [7]Berg CM, Berg DE. Transposable element tools for microbial genetics. 1996 See Ref. 121a, pp. 2588-12. [Google Scholar]
  8. [8]Berger H, Brammar WJ, Yanofsky C. Analysis of amino acid replacements resulting from frameshift and missense mutations in the tryptophan synthetase A gene of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 1968;34:219–238. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(68)90248-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  9. [9]Boe L. Mechanism for induction of adaptive mutations in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 1990;4:597–601. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00628.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  10. [10]Boe L. Translational errors as the cause of mutations in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1992;231:469–471. doi: 10.1007/BF00292717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  11. [11]Boyd EF, Hartl DL. Recent horizontal transmission of plasmids between natural populations of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:1622–1627. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.5.1622-1627.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  12. [12]Boyd EF, Hill CS, Rich SM, Hartl DL. Mosaic structure of plasmids from natural populations of Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1996;143:1091–1100. doi: 10.1093/genetics/143.3.1091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  13. [13]Bridges BA. Spontaneous mutation in stationary phase Escherichia coli WP2 carrying various DNA repair alleles. Mutat. Res. 1994;302:173–176. doi: 10.1016/0165-7992(93)90045-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  14. [14]Bridges BA. Starvation-associated mutation in Escherichia coli: a spontaneous lesion hypothesis for “directed” mutation. Mutat. Res. 1994;307:149–156. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90287-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  15. [15]Bridges BA. mutY ‘directs’ mutation? Nature. 1995;375:741. doi: 10.1038/375741a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  16. [16]Bridges BA. Starvation-associated mutation in E. coli strains with and without reverse transcriptase. Mutat. Res. 1995;347:13–15. doi: 10.1016/0165-7992(95)90026-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  17. [17]Bridges BA. Starvation-associated mutation in Escherichia coli strains defective in transcription repair coupling factor. Mutat. Res. 1995;329:49–56. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00016-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  18. [18]Bridges BA. Elevated mutation rate in mutT bacteria during starvation: evidence for DNA turnover. J. Bacteriol. 1996;178:2709–2711. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.9.2709-2711.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  19. [19]Bridges BA. DNA turnover and mutation in resting cells. BioEssays. 1997;19:347–352. doi: 10.1002/bies.950190412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  20. [20]Bridges BA. The role of DNA damage in stationary phase (‘adaptive’) mutation. Mutat. Res. 1998;408:1–9. doi: 10.1016/s0921-8777(98)00008-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  21. [21]Bridges BA, Ereira S. DNA synthesis and viability of a mutT derivative of Escherichia coli WP2 under conditions of amino acid starvation and relation to stationary-phase (adaptive) mutation. J. Bacteriol. 1998;180:2906–2910. doi: 10.1128/jb.180.11.2906-2910.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  22. [22]Bridges BA, Sekiguchi M, Tajiri T. Effect of mutY and mutM/fpg-1 mutations on starvation-associated mutation in Escherichia coli: implications for the role of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996;251:352–357. doi: 10.1007/BF02172526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  23. [23]Bridges BA, Timms AR. Mutation in Escherichia coli under starvation conditions: a new pathway leading to small deletions in strains defective in mismatch correction. EMBO J. 1997;16:3349–3356. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.11.3349. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  24. [24]Bridges BA, Timms AR. Effect of endogenous carotenoids and defective RpoS sigma factor on spontaneous mutation under starvation conditions in Escherichia coli: evidence for the possible involvement of singlet oxygen. Mutat. Res. 1998;403:21–28. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00013-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  25. [25]Cairns J. Mutation and cancer: the antecedents to our studies of adaptive mutation. Genetics. 1998;148:1433–1440. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  26. [26]Cairns J, Foster PL. Adaptive reversion of a frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1991;128:695–701. doi: 10.1093/genetics/128.4.695. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  27. [28]Calos MP, Miller JH. Genetic and sequence analysis of frameshift mutations induced by ICR-191. J. Mol. Biol. 1981;153:39–66. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90525-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  28. [29]Carter JR, Patel DR, Porter RD. The role of oriT in tra-dependent enhanced recombination between mini-F-lac-oriT and lambda p lac5. Genet. Res. 1992;59:157–165. doi: 10.1017/s0016672300030433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  29. [30]Cashel M, Gentry DR, Hernandez VJ, Vinella D. The stringent response. 1996:1458–1496. See Ref. 121a. [Google Scholar]
  30. [31]Christensen RB, Christensen JR, Lawrence CW. Conjugation-dependent enhancement of induced and spontaneous mutation in the lacI gene of E. coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1985;201:35–37. doi: 10.1007/BF00397983. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  31. [32]Cox EC, Gibson TC. Selection for high mutation rates in chemostats. Genetics. 1974;77:169–184. doi: 10.1093/genetics/77.2.169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  32. [33]Craig NL. Transposition. 1996:2339–2362. See Ref. 121a. [Google Scholar]
  33. [34]Cupples CG, Cabrera M, Cruz C, Miller JH. A set of lacZ mutations in Escherichia coli that allow rapid detection of specific frameshift mutations. Genetics. 1990;125:275–280. doi: 10.1093/genetics/125.2.275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  34. [35]Cupples CG, Miller JH. Effects of amino acid substitutions at the active site in Escherichia coli β-galactosidase. Genetics. 1988;120:637–644. doi: 10.1093/genetics/120.3.637. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  35. [36]Cupples CG, Miller JH. A set of lacZ mutations in Escherichia coli that allow rapid detection of each of the 6 base substitutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1989;86:5345–5349. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.14.5345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  36. [37]Datta A, Jinks-Robertson S. Association of increased spontaneous mutation rates with high levels of transcription in yeast. Science. 1995;268:1616–1619. doi: 10.1126/science.7777859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  37. [38]Davis BD. Transcriptional bias: a non-Lamarckian mechanism for substrate-induced mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1989;86:5005–5009. doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.13.5005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  38. [39]Demerec M. Selfer mutants of Sal-monella typhimurium. Genetics. 1963;48:1519–1531. doi: 10.1093/genetics/48.11.1519. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  39. [40]Deonier R. Native insertion sequence elements: locations, distributions, and sequence relationships. 1996:2000–2011. See Ref. 121a. [Google Scholar]
  40. [41]Doiron KM, Viau S, Koutroumanis M, Cupples CG. Overexpression of vsr in Escherichia coli is mutagenic. J. Bacteriol. 1996;178:4294–4296. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.14.4294-4296.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  41. [42]Escarceller M, Hicks J, Gudmundsson G, Trump G, Touati D, et al. Involvement of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II in response to oxidative damage and adaptive mutation. J. Bacteriol. 1994;176:6221–6228. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.20.6221-6228.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  42. [43]Feng G, Tsui H-CT, Winkler ME. Depletion of the cellular amounts of the MutS and MutH methyl-directed mismatch repair proteins in stationary-phase Escherichia coli K-12 cells. J. Bacteriol. 1996;178:2388–2396. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.8.2388-2396.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  43. [44]Fijalkowska IJ, Schaaper RM. Antimutator mutations in the α subunit of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III: indentification of the responsible mutations and alignment with other DNA polymerases. Genetics. 1993;134:1039–1044. doi: 10.1093/genetics/134.4.1039. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  44. [45]Firth N, Ippen-Ihler K, Skurray RA. Structure and function of the F factor and mechanism of conjugation. 1996 See Ref. 121a, pp. 2377-12. [Google Scholar]
  45. [46]Fitch WM. The challenges to Darwinism since the last centennial and the impact of molecular studies. Evolution. 1982;36(6):1133–1143. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1982.tb05484.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  46. [47]Foster PL. Directed mutation: between unicorns and goats. J. Bacteriol. 1992;174:1711–1716. doi: 10.1128/jb.174.6.1711-1716.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  47. [48]Foster PL. Adaptive mutation: the uses of adversity. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1993;47:467–504. doi: 10.1146/annurev.mi.47.100193.002343. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  48. [49]Foster PL. Population dynamics of a Lac− strain of Escherichia coli during selection for lactose utilization. Genetics. 1994;138:253–261. doi: 10.1093/genetics/138.2.253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  49. [50]Foster PL. Nonadaptive mutations occur on the F′ episome during adaptive mutation conditions in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:1550–1554. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.5.1550-1554.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  50. [51]Foster PL. Adaptive mutation: Has the unicorn landed? Genetics. 1998;148:1453–1459. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1453. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  51. [52]Foster PL. Are adaptive mutations due to a decline in mismatch repair? The evidence is lacking. Mutat. Res. 1999;436:179–184. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5742(98)00023-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  52. [53]Foster PL, Cairns J. Mechanisms of directed mutation. Genetics. 1992;131:783–789. doi: 10.1093/genetics/131.4.783. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  53. [54]Foster PL, Cairns J. The occurrence of heritable Mu excisions in starving cells of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 1994;13:5240–5244. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06855.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  54. [55]Foster PL, Cairns J. Adaptive mutation of a lacZ amber allele. Genetics. 1998;150:1329–1330. doi: 10.1093/genetics/150.3.1329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  55. [56]Foster PL, Gudmundsson G, Trimarchi JM, Cai H, Goodman MF. Proofreading-defective DNA polymerase II increases adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995;92:7951–7955. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.17.7951. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  56. [57]Foster PL, Rosche WA. Levels of the Vsr endonuclease do not regulate stationary-phase reversion of a Lac− frameshift allele in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1998;180:1944–1946. doi: 10.1128/jb.180.7.1944-1946.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  57. [58]Foster PL, Rosche WA. Increased episomal replication accounts for the high rate of adaptive mutation in recD mutants of Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1999;152:15–30. doi: 10.1093/genetics/152.1.15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  58. [59]Foster PL, Rosche WA. Mechanism of mutation in nondividing cells; insights from the study of adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1999;870:133–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08873.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  59. [60]Foster PL, Trimarchi JM. Adaptive reversion of a frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli by simple base deletions in homopolymeric runs. Science. 1994;265:407–409. doi: 10.1126/science.8023164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  60. [61]Foster PL, Trimarchi JM. Adaptive reversion of an episomal frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli requires conjugal functions but not actual conjugation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995;92:5487–5490. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5487. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  61. [62]Foster PL, Trimarchi JM. Conjugation is not required for adaptive reversion of an episomal frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1995;177:6670–6671. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.22.6670-6671.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  62. [63]Foster PL, Trimarchi JM, Maurer RA. Two enzymes, both of which process recombination intermediates, have opposite effects on adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1996;142:25–37. doi: 10.1093/genetics/142.1.25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  63. [64]Frederico LA, Kunkel TA, Shaw BR. A sensitive genetic assay for the detection of cytosine deamination: determination of rate constants and the activation energy. Biochemistry. 1990;29:2532–2537. doi: 10.1021/bi00462a015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  64. [65]Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W. DNA Repair and Mutagenesis. Washington, DC: Am. Soc. Microbiol.; 1995. [Google Scholar]
  65. [66]Frost LS, Manchak J. F− phenocopies: characterization of expression of the F transfer region in stationary phase. Microbiology. 1998;144:2579–2587. doi: 10.1099/00221287-144-9-2579. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  66. [67]Galitski T, Roth JR. Evidence that F plasmid transfer replication underlies apparent adaptive mutation. Science. 1995;268:421–423. doi: 10.1126/science.7716546. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  67. [68]Galitski T, Roth JR. A search for a general phenomenon of adaptive mutability. Genetics. 1996;143:645–659. doi: 10.1093/genetics/143.2.645. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  68. [69]Gizatullin FS, Babynin EV. The selection-induced His+ reversion in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 1996;357:43–56. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(96)00078-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  69. [70]Gomez-Gomez JM, Blazquez J, Baquero F, Martinez JL. H-NS and RpoS regulated emergence of Lac Ara+ mutants of Escherichia coli MCS2. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:4620–4622. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.14.4620-4622.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  70. [71]Grigg GW, Stuckey J. The reversible suppression of stationary phase mutation in Escherichia coli by caffeine. Genetics. 1966;53:823–834. doi: 10.1093/genetics/53.5.823. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  71. [72]Groisman EA. The ins and outs of virulence gene expression: Mg2+ as a regulatory signal. BioEssays. 1998;20:96–101. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199801)20:1<96::AID-BIES13>3.0.CO;2-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  72. [73]Hall BG. Adaptive evolution that requires multiple spontaneous mutations. I. Mutations involving an insertion sequence. Genetics. 1988;120:887–897. doi: 10.1093/genetics/120.4.887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  73. [74]Hall BG. Spontaneous point mutations that occur more often when they are advantageous than when they are neutral. Genetics. 1990;126:5–16. doi: 10.1093/genetics/126.1.5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  74. [75]Hall BG. Adaptive evolution that requires multiple spontaneous mutations: mutations involving base substitutions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1991;88:5882–5886. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5882. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  75. [76]Hall BG. Spectrum of mutations that occur under selective and non-selective conditions in E. coli. Genetica. 1991;84:73–76. doi: 10.1007/BF00116545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  76. [77]Hall BG. The role of single-mutant intermediates in the generation of trpAB double revertants during prolonged selection. J. Bacteriol. 1993;175:6411–6444. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.20.6411-6414.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  77. [78]Hall BG. On alternatives to selection-induced mutation in the Bgl operon of Escherichia coli. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1994;11:159–168. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  78. [79]Hall BG. Genetics of selection-induced mutations: I; uvrA, uvrB, uvrC and uvrD are selection-induced specific mutator loci. J. Mol. Evol. 1995;40:86–93. doi: 10.1007/BF00166599. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  79. [80]Hall BG. On the specificity of adaptive mutations. Genetics. 1997;145:39–44. doi: 10.1093/genetics/145.1.39. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  80. [81]Hall BG. Activation of the bgl operon by adaptive mutation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1998;15:1–5. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025842. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  81. [82]Hall BG. Adaptive mutagenesis: a process that generates almost exclusively beneficial mutations. Genetica. 1998;102/103:109–125. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. [83]Hall BG. Adaptive mutagenesis at ebgR is regulated by PhoPQ. J. Bacteriol. 1999;180:2862–2865. doi: 10.1128/jb.180.11.2862-2865.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  83. [84]Hall BG. Directed evolution of a bacterial operon. BioEssays. 1990;12:551–558. doi: 10.1002/bies.950121109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  84. [85]Hall BG. Spectra of spontaneous growth-dependent and adaptive mutations at ebgR. J. Bacteriol. 1999;181:1149–1155. doi: 10.1128/jb.181.4.1149-1155.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  85. [86]Hall BG, Betts PW, Wootton JC. DNA sequence analysis of artificially evolved ebg enzyme and ebg repressor genes. Genetics. 1989;123:635–648. doi: 10.1093/genetics/123.4.635. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  86. [87]Hanawalt PC. Transcription-coupled repair and human disease. Science. 1994;266:1957–1958. doi: 10.1126/science.7801121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  87. [88]Harris RS, Bull HJ, Rosenberg SM. A direct role for DNA polymerase III in adaptive reversion of a frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 1997;375:19–25. doi: 10.1016/s0027-5107(96)00244-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  88. [89]Harris RS, Feng G, Ross KJ, Sidhu R, Thulin C, et al. Mismatch repair protein MutL becomes limiting during stationary-phase mutation. Genes Dev. 1997;11:2426–2437. doi: 10.1101/gad.11.18.2426. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  89. [90]Harris RS, Longerich S, Rosenberg SM. Recombination in adaptive mutation. Science. 1994;264:258–260. doi: 10.1126/science.8146657. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  90. [91]Harris RS, Ross KJ, Rosenberg SM. Opposing roles of the Holliday junction processing systems of Escherichia coli in recombination-dependent adaptive mutation. Genetics. 1996;142:681–691. doi: 10.1093/genetics/142.3.681. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  91. [92]Huisman GW, Siegele DA, Zambrano MM, Kolter R. Morphological and physiological changes during stationary phase. 1996:1672–1682. See Ref. 121a. [Google Scholar]
  92. [93]Hulton CS, Seirafi A, Hinton JD, Side-botham JM, Waddell L, et al. Histone-like protein H1 (H-NS), DNA supercoiling, and gene expression in bacteria. Cell. 1990;63:631–642. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90458-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  93. [94]Jayaraman R. Cairnsian mutagenesis in Escherichia coli: genetic evidence for two pathways regulated by mutS and mutL genes. J. Genet. 1992;71:23–41. [Google Scholar]
  94. [95]Jayaraman R. Leakiness of genetic markers and susceptibility to post-plating mutagenesis in Escherichia coli. J. Genet. 1995;74:85–97. [Google Scholar]
  95. [96]Kasak L, Horak R, Kivisaar M. Promoter-creating mutations in Pseudomonas putida: a model system for the study of mutation in starving bacteria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997;94:3134–3139. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3134. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  96. [97]Kowalczykowski SD, Dixon DA, Eggleston AK, Lauder SC, Rehrauer WM. Biochemistry of homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 1994;58:401–465. doi: 10.1128/mr.58.3.401-465.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  97. [98]Kunz BA, Glickman BW. The infidelity of conjugal DNA transfer in Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1983;105:489–500. doi: 10.1093/genetics/105.3.489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  98. [99]Kuzminov A. Collapse and repair of replication forks in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 1995;16:373–384. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02403.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  99. [100]Kuzminov A, Stahl FW. Double-strand end repair via the RecBC pathway in Escherichia coli primes DNA replication. Genes Dev. 1999;13:345–356. doi: 10.1101/gad.13.3.345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  100. [101]Lamrani S, Ranquet C, Gama M-J, Nakai H, Shapiro JA, Toussaint A, Maenhaut-Michel G. Starvation-induced Mucts62-mediated coding sequence fusion: a role for ClpXP, Lon, RpoS and Crp. Mol. Microbiol. 1999;32:327–344. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01352.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  101. [102]Leddy MB, Phipps DW, Ridgway HF. Catabolite-mediated mutations in alternate toluene degradative pathways in Pseudomonas putida. J. Bacteriol. 1995;177:4713–4720. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.16.4713-4720.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  102. [103]Leigh EG. The evolution of mutation rates. Genetics. 1973;73 Suppl.:1–18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. [104]Lin ECC. Dissimilatory pathways for sugars, polyols, and carboxylates. 1996:307–342. See Ref. 121a. [Google Scholar]
  104. [105]Longerich S, Galloway AM, Harris RS, Wong C, Rosenberg SM. Adaptive mutation sequences reproduced by mismatch repair-deficiency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1995;92:12017–12020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.26.12017. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  105. [106]Macintyre G, Doiron KM, Cupples CG. The Vsr endonuclease of Escherichia coli: an efficient DNA repair enzyme and a potent mutagen. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:6048–6052. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.19.6048-6052.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  106. [107]Mackay WJ, Han S, Samson LD. DNA alkylation repair limits spontaneous base substitution mutations in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1994;176:3224–3230. doi: 10.1128/jb.176.11.3224-3230.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  107. [108]Maenhaut-Michel G, Blake CE, Leach DR, Shapiro JA. Different structures of selected and unselected araB-lacZ fusions. Mol. Microbiol. 1997;23:1133–1145. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.3031666.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  108. [109]Maenhaut-Michel G, Shapiro JA. The roles of starvation and selection in the emergence of araB-lacZ fusion clones. EMBO J. 1994;13:5229–5244. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06854.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  109. [110]Mao EF, Lane L, Lee J, Miller JH. Proliferation of mutators in a cell population. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:417–422. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.2.417-422.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  110. [111]Marians KJ, Hiasa H, Kim DR, McHenry CS. Role of the core DNA polymerase III subunits at the replication fork; α is the only subunit required for processive replication. J. Biol. Chem. 1998;273:2452–2457. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.4.2452. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  111. [112]Miller JH. Experiments in Molecular Genetics. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press; 1972. [Google Scholar]
  112. [113]Miller JH. Mutagenic specificity of ultraviolet light. J. Mol. Biol. 1985;182:45–65. doi: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90026-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  113. [114]Miller JH. A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics: A Laboratory Manual and Handbook for Escherichia coli and Related Bacteria. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press; 1992. [Google Scholar]
  114. [115]Miller JH. Mutators in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 1998;409:99–106. doi: 10.1016/s0921-8777(98)00049-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  115. [116]Miller JH, Suthar A, Tai JYA, Truong C, Stewart JL. Direct selection for mutators in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1999;181:1576–1584. doi: 10.1128/jb.181.5.1576-1584.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  116. [117]Mittler JE, Lenski RE. New data on excisions of Mu from E. coli MCS2 cast doubt on directed mutation hypothesis. Nature. 1990;344:173–175. doi: 10.1038/344173a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  117. [118]Mittler JE, Lenski RE. Experimental evidence for an alternative to directed mutation in the bgl operon. Nature. 1992;356:446–448. doi: 10.1038/356446a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  118. [119]Modrich P, Lahue R. Mismatch repair in replication fidelity, genetic recombination, and cancer biology. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1996;65:101–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.000533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  119. [120]Müller-Hill B, Kania J. Lac repressor can be fused to β-galactosidase. Nature. 1974;249:561–562. doi: 10.1038/249561a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  120. [121]Naas T, Blot M, Fitch WM, Arber W. Insertion sequence-related genetic variation in resting Escherichia coli K-12. Genetics. 1994;136:721–730. doi: 10.1093/genetics/136.3.721. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  121. 121a.Neidhardt FC, Curtiss R, III, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB, et al. Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1996. [Google Scholar]
  122. [122]Ninio J. Transient mutators: a semiquantitative analysis of the influence of translation and transcription errors on mutation rates. Genetics. 1991;129:957–962. doi: 10.1093/genetics/129.3.957. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  123. [123]Olasz F, Farkas T, Kiss J, Arini A, Arber W. Terminal inverted repeats of insertion sequence IS30 serve as targets for transposition. J. Bacteriol. 1997;179:7551–7558. doi: 10.1128/jb.179.23.7551-7558.1997. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  124. [124]Prival MJ, Cebula T. Adaptive mutation and slow-growing revertants of an Escherichia coli lacZ amber mutant. Genetics. 1996;144:1337–1341. doi: 10.1093/genetics/144.4.1337. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  125. [125]Prival MJ, Cebula TA. Sequence analysis of mutations arising during prolonged starvation of Salmonella typhimurium. Genetics. 1992;132:303–310. doi: 10.1093/genetics/132.2.303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  126. [126]Radicella JP, Park PU, Fox MS. Adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli: a role for conjugation. Science. 1995;268:418–420. doi: 10.1126/science.7716545. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  127. [127]Rangarajan S, Gudmundsson G, Qiu Z, Foster PL, Goodman MF. Escherichia coli DNA polymerase II catalyzes chromosomal and episomal DNA synthesis in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1997;94:946–951. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.3.946. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  128. [128]Rebeck GW, Samson LD. Increased spontaneous mutation and alkylation sensitivity of Escherichia coli strains lacking the ogt O6-methylguanine DNA repair methyltransferase. J. Bacteriol. 1991;173:2068–2076. doi: 10.1128/jb.173.6.2068-2076.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  129. [129]Reddy M, Gowrishankar J. A genetic strategy to demonstrate the occurrence of spontaneous mutations in non-dividing cells within colonies of Escherichia coli. Genetics. 1997;147:991–1001. doi: 10.1093/genetics/147.3.991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  130. [130]Reynolds AE, Felton J, Wright A. Insertion of DNA activates the cryptic bgl operon in E. coli K-12. Nature. 1981;293:625–629. doi: 10.1038/293625a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  131. [131]Romero D, PalacIos R. Gene amplification and genomic plasticity in prokaryotes. Annu. Rev. Genet. 1997;31:91–111. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.91. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  132. [132]Rosche WA, Foster PL. The role of transient hypermutators in adaptive mutation in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999;96:6862–6867. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.12.6862. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  133. [133]Rosenberg SM, Longerich S, Gee P, Harris RS. Adaptive mutation by deletions in small mononucleotide repeats. Science. 1994;265:405–407. doi: 10.1126/science.8023163. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  134. [134]Rosenberg SM, Thulin C, Harris RS. Transient and heritable mutators in adaptive evolution in the lab and in nature. Genetics. 1998;148:1559–1566. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1559. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  135. [135]Roth JR, Benson N, Galitski T, Haack K, Lawrence JG, Miesel L. Rearrangements of the bacterial chromosome: formation and applications. 1996:2256–2276. See Ref. 121a. [Google Scholar]
  136. [136]Rudner R, Murray A, Huda N. Is there a link between mutation rates and the stringent response in Bacillus subtilis? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1999;870:418–422. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08917.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  137. [137]Ryan FJ. Bacterial mutation in stationary phase and the question of cell turnover. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1959;21:530–549. doi: 10.1099/00221287-21-3-530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  138. [138]Ryan FJ, Nakada D, Schneider MJ. Is DNA replication a necessary condition for spontaneous mutation? Z. Vererbungsl. 1961;92:38–41. doi: 10.1007/BF01854099. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  139. [139]Ryan FJ, Okada T, Nagata T. Spontaneous mutation in spheroplasts of Escherichia coli. J. Gen. Microbiol. 1963;30:193–199. doi: 10.1099/00221287-30-2-193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  140. [140]Sedgwick B. Nitrosated peptides and polyamines as endogenous mutagens in O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase deficient cells. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18:1561–1567. doi: 10.1093/carcin/18.8.1561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  141. [141]Shapiro JA. Observations on the formation of clones containing araB-lacZ cistron fusions. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1984;194:79–90. doi: 10.1007/BF00383501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  142. [142]Shapiro JA. A role for the Clp protease in activating Mu-mediated DNA rearrangements. J. Bacteriol. 1993;175:2625–2631. doi: 10.1128/jb.175.9.2625-2631.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  143. [143]Shapiro JA, Leach D. Action of a transposable element in coding sequence fusions. Genetics. 1990;126:293–299. doi: 10.1093/genetics/126.2.293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  144. [144]Slater JH, Weightman AJ, Hall BG. Dehalogenase genes of Pseudomonas putida PP3 on chromosomally located transposable elements. Mol. Biol. Evol. 1985;2:557–567. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040366. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  145. [145]Sniegowski PD. A test of the directed mutation hypothesis in Escherichia coli MCS2 using replica plating. J. Bacteriol. 1995;177:1119–1120. doi: 10.1128/jb.177.4.1119-1120.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  146. [146]Sniegowski PD, Gerrish PJ, Lenski RE. Evolution of high mutation rates in experimental populations of E. coli. Nature. 1997;387:703–705. doi: 10.1038/42701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  147. [147]Srinivasan P. Role of oxygen in adaptive mutagenesis. MA thesis. San Jose State Univ.; 1995. [Google Scholar]
  148. [148]Stahl FW. A unicorn in the garden. Nature. 1988;335:112–113. doi: 10.1038/335112a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  149. [149]Strathern JN, Shafer BK, McGill CB. DNA synthesis errors associated with double-strand-break repair. Genetics. 1995;140:965–972. doi: 10.1093/genetics/140.3.965. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI · Paper page
  150. [150]Symonds ND. Anticipatory mutagenesis? Nature. 1989;337:119–120. doi: 10.1038/337119a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  151. [151]Taddei F, Vulic M, Radman M, Matic I. Genetic variability and adaptation to stress. EXS. 1997;83:271–290. doi: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8882-0_15. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  152. [152]Taddei F, Hayakawa H, Bouton M, Cirinesi A, Matic I, et al. Counteraction by MutT protein of transcriptional errors caused by oxidative damage. Science. 1997;278:128–130. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5335.128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  153. [153]Taddei F, Radman M, Smith JM, Toupance B, Gouyon PH, Godelle B. Role of mutator alleles in adaptive evolution. Nature. 1997;387:700–702. doi: 10.1038/42696. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  154. [154]Tang MS, Wang T-CV, Patrick MH. DNA turnover in buffer-held Escherichia coli and its effect on repair of UV damage. Photochem. Photobiol. 1979;79:511–520. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1979.tb07083.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  155. [155]Taverna P, Sedgwick B. Generation of an endogenous DNA-methylating agent by nitrosation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1996;178:5105–5111. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.17.5105-5111.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  156. [156]Thomas AW, Lewington J, Hope S, Topping AW, Weightman AJ, Slater JH. Environmentally directed mutations in the dehalogenase system of Pseudomonas putida strain PP3. Arch. Microbiol. 1992;158:176–182. doi: 10.1007/BF00290813. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  157. [157]Timms AR, Bridges BA. Reversion of the tyrosine ochre strain Escherichia coli WU3610 under starvation conditions depends on a new gene tas. Genetics. 1998;148:1627–1635. doi: 10.1093/genetics/148.4.1627. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  158. [159]Tlsty DT, Albertini AM, Miller JH. Gene amplification in the lac region of E. coli. Cell. 1984;37:217–224. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(84)90317-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  159. [160]Torkelson J, Harris RS, Lombardo M-J, Nagendran J, Thulin C, Rosenberg SM. Genome-wide hypermutation in a subpopulation of stationary-phase cells underlies recombination-dependent adaptive mutation. EMBO J. 1997;16:3303–3311. doi: 10.1093/emboj/16.11.3303. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  160. [161]Viswanathan A, You HJ, Doetsch PW. Phenotypic change caused by transcriptional by pass of uracil in nondividing cells. Science. 1999;284:159–162. doi: 10.1126/science.284.5411.159. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  161. [162]West SC. The RuvABC proteins and Holliday junction processing in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 1996;178:1237–1241. doi: 10.1128/jb.178.5.1237-1241.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  162. [163]Wright BE. Does selective gene activation direct evolution? FEBS Lett. 1997;402:4–8. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01479-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  163. [164]Wright BE, Longacre A, Reimers JM. Hypermutation in derepressed operons of E. coli K12. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999;96:5089–5094. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.9.5089. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI
  164. [165]Yanofsky C, Ito J, Horn V. Amino acid replacements and the genetic code. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1966;31:151–162. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1966.031.01.023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Foster, P. L.
Affiliations
Indiana University Bloomington (US)
Corresponding author
Foster, P. L.
ORCID
Foster, P. L.
Venue
Annual Review of Genetics
Publisher
Annual Reviews
Published
1999-12
Volume
33
Issue
1
Pages
57-88
ISSN
  • 0066-4197 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-2948
DOI
10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.57
PMC
PMC2922758
OpenAlex
W2105532789
Cited by
182
References
2
Citations by year
2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
FWCI
1.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Genetics (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM054084)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Bacterial Genetics and Biotechnology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
Keywords
adaptive mutation, stationary phase, spontaneous mutation, recombination, insertion elements, genome rearrangement, conjugative plasmids, horizontal gene transfer, hypermutators, mutagenesis mechanism, bacterial evolution
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Bacteria, DNA Replication, Escherichia coli, Biological Evolution, Mutation

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review