Cited by 1,532Nerve injury and regenerationNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchAxon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRATE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

Sanes, Joshua R., Lichtman, Jeff W.·1999·Annual Review of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.389

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Abstract

▪ Abstract We describe the formation, maturation, elimination, maintenance, and regeneration of vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the best studied of all synapses. The NMJ forms in a series of steps that involve the exchange of signals among its three cellular components—nerve terminal, muscle fiber, and Schwann cell. Although essentially any motor axon can form NMJs with any muscle fiber, an additional set of cues biases synapse formation in favor of appropriate partners. The NMJ is functional at birth but undergoes numerous alterations postnatally. One step in maturation is the elimination of excess inputs, a competitive process in which the muscle is an intermediary. Once elimination is complete, the NMJ is maintained stably in a dynamic equilibrium that can be perturbed to initiate remodeling. NMJs regenerate following damage to nerve or muscle, but this process differs in fundamental ways from embryonic synaptogenesis. Finally, we consider the extent to which the NMJ is a suitable model for development of neuron-neuron synapses.

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Calcium influx and protein phosphorylation mediate the metabolic stabilization of synaptic acetylcholine receptors in muscle
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Delaminating myelin membranes help seal the cut ends of severed earthworm giant axons
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Understanding synaptic competition in theory and in practice
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Formation of the active zone at developing neuromuscular junctions in larval and adult bullfrogs
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A specific effect of muscle cells on the distribution of presynaptic proteins in neurites and its absence in a C2 muscle cell variant
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Postnatal development of Schwann cells at neuromuscular junctions, with special reference to synapse elimination
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Patterns of Presynaptic Gene Expression Define Two Stages of Synaptic Differentiation
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Selective reinnervation of twitch and tonic muscle fibres of the frog.
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Neural Agrin Activates a High-Affinity Receptor in C2 Muscle Cells that Is Unresponsive to Muscle Agrin
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Nerve‐Dependent Plasticity of the Golgi Complex in Skeletal Muscle Fibres: Compartmentalization Within the Subneural Sarcoplasm
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Cholinergic stimulation increases thrombin activity and gene expression in cultured mouse muscle
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The synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction
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HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF END-PLATE BOUND ESTERASES IN “SLOW-RED” AND “FAST-WHITE” CAT MUSCLES DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT
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Stabilization of Acetylcholine Receptors by Exogenous ATP and Its Reversal by cAMP and Calcium
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Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor May Act in Target Musculature to Regulate Developmental Synapse Elimination
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From neurite to nerve terminal: induction of presynaptic differentiation by target-derived signals
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Acetylcholine receptor clustering in C2 muscle cells requires chondroitin sulfate
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Identification of an Element Required for Acetylcholine Receptor-inducing Activity (ARIA)-induced Expression of the Acetylcholine Receptor ε Subunit Gene
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Androgenic, not estrogenic, steroids alter neuromuscular synapse elimination in the rat levator ani
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The origin and selective innervation of early muscle fiber types in the rat
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Elevated levels of polyneuronal innervation persist for as long as two years in reinnervated frog neuromuscular junctions
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Regional heterogeneity in the distal motor axon: three zones with distinctive intrinsic components
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Recycling of synaptic vesicles in motor nerve endings separated from their target muscle fibers
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Authors: Sanes, J. R., & Lichtman, J. W.
Affiliations: Washington University in St. Louis (US)
ORCID: Sanes, Joshua R.
Lichtman, Jeff W.
Venue: Annual Review of Neuroscience
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 1999-03
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 389-442
ISSN: 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
1545-4126
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.389
OpenAlex: W2134505400
Cited by: 1,532
References: 403
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 57 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 57
FWCI: 8.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Axon Guidance and Neuronal Signaling
Keywords: neuromuscular junction, synaptogenesis, synapse maturation, synaptic pruning, synapse maintenance, synaptic remodeling, neuromuscular junction regeneration, motor axons, muscle fibers, Schwann cells, vertebrate development
MeSH terms: Animals, Glycoproteins, Nerve Regeneration, Neuromuscular Junction, Synapses, Transcription, Genetic, Vertebrates, Signal Transduction, Presynaptic Terminals, Neuregulins

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DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRATE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

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