The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
CREATIVE HYPOTHESIS GENERATING IN PSYCHOLOGY: Some Useful Heuristics
Abstract
[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract To correct a common imbalance in methodology courses, focusing almost entirely on hypothesis-testing issues to the neglect of hypothesis-generating issues which are at least as important, 49 creative heuristics are described, divided into 5 categories and 14 subcategories. Each of these heuristics has often been used to generate hypotheses in psychological research, and each is teachable to students. The 49 heuristics range from common sense perceptiveness of the oddity of natural occurrences to use of sophisticated quantitative data analyses in ways that provoke new insights.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There is far too little research that focuses on generating hypotheses from careful observation and on building theory that can be tested (Kazdin 2003, McGuire 1997).”
From Mediators and Mechanisms of Change in Psychotherapy Research (2007) · cites this paper as McGuire 1997
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Foundations
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., & AU (1986) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5236.001.0001 · Cited by 15,686
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
(1973) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,144
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4964-1 · Cited by 5,219
Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change
Marquart, F., & Naderer, B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-09923-7_20 · Cited by 5,011
McClelland, D. C. (1961) · doi:10.1037/14359-000 · Cited by 4,998
(1972) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(72)80121-7 · Cited by 4,366
Influence : science and practice
Cialdini, R. B. (1985) · Cited by 3,581
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Abelson RP, 1968, Theories of Cognitive Consistency.
- Anzieu D, 1986, Freud's Self-Analysis.
- Deaux K, 1972, Represent. Res. Soc. Psychol., 3, 20
- 10.1037//0033-2909.90.1.1 · DOI
- 10.1037//0033-295X.93.2.216 · DOI · Paper page
- Hovland CI, 1949, Studies in Social Psychology in World War II, Vol. 3, Experiments on Mass Communication.
- Hull CL, 1952, A Behavior System.
- 10.1037//0033-2909.107.3.367 · DOI
- McGuire WJ. 1968.Personality and susceptibility to social influence.InHandbook of Personality Theory and Research, ed. EF Borgatta, WW Lambert, pp. 1130–87. Chicago: Rand-McNally
- McGuire WJ. 1984.Search for the self: going beyond self-esteem and the reactive self.InPersonality and the Prediction of Behavior, ed. RA Zucker, J Aronoff, AI Rabin, pp. 73–120. New York: Academic
- Milgram S. 1976.Interview.InThe Making of Psychology, ed. RI Evans, pp. 187–97. New York: Knopf
- 10.1037//0033-295X.84.3.231 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037//0022-3514.54.2.203 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 203
Kohlmann, D. (2018) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2018.73.2.9 · Cited by 3
Introducing the Process and Content of Research into Lectures, the Laboratory, and Study Time
Proulx, M. J. (2013) · College Teaching · doi:10.1080/87567555.2012.720311 · Cited by 2
“That is, I simply ask them to describe what they think they are doing themselves, a fertile ground for developing a creative hypothesis (McGuire 1997).”
BackgroundOn Practitioners’ Usage of Creativity Heuristics in the Decision Process
Selart, M., & Boe, O. C. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9827-9_10 · Cited by 2
The Interpersonal Foundations of Anti-Atheist Prejudice
Magee, M. W. (2011) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 2
Methods for Studying Everyday Experience in Its Natural Context
Reis, H. T., Sels, L., & Gable, S. L. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170123.013 · Cited by 1
FUNDAMENTOS FILOSÓFICOS Y EMPÍRICOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN EN CIENCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN
Uhl, S. (2006) · Educación XX1 · doi:10.5944/educxx1.9.0.323 · Cited by 1
Ballard, V. J. (2015) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/nrnd-xp44 · Cited by 1
“demands of their lived environments can be considered (McGuire, 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialParsons, A. M., Scott, S. B., Knopp, K. C., Nguyen, P. L. L., Markman, H. J., & Stanley, S. M. (2021) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12723 · Cited by 1
Religious and Spiritual Identities
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0003 · Cited by 2
Internal and External Validity
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.003 · Cited by 1
Using Web Surveys for Psychology Experiments
Peden, B. F., & Tiry, A. M. (2013) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-3918-8.ch005 · Cited by 1
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.003 · Cited by 1
„The opposite of a great truth is also true“: Personality and Attitude Change von McGuire
Peter, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36508-0_9 · Cited by 1
Laurijssen, L. M., & Leander, N. P. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197687468.003.0010 · Cited by 1
McGuire (1968): Personality and Attitude Change
Viererbl, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-45292-6_38 · Cited by 1
Idealtypischer Ablauf einer empirischen Untersuchung
Renner, K., Heydasch, T., & Ströhlein, G. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-93075-6_2 · Cited by 1
Case-Control and Cohort Designs
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.008 · Cited by 1
Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.014 · Cited by 1
Self-experimentation: Friend or foe?
Roberts, S. (2004) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x04350065 · Cited by 1
Moral Relativists Resist Health Mandates (NPIs) during the COVID-19 PandemicPreprint
Forsyth, D. R. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/d8xzn · Cited by 1
Where are the boundaries in supporting people with disabilities?
Bryant, H. (2011) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27332583
Background for a Hierarchical Theoretical Framework
L’Abate, L., Cusinato, M., Maino, E., Colesso, W., & Scilletta, C. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5665-1_1
Creativity in lifelong learning: events and ethics
Beighton, C. (2013) · Create (Canterbury Christ Church University)
Equidad y reciprocidad: Mecanismos básicos de la organización del comportamiento social
Velásco, C. S. (2010) · Journal of Behavior Health & Social Issues · doi:10.22201/fesi.20070780.2009.1.2.18799
“BrR that replicates the findings of BaR can uncover new and potentially useful applications of the basic principles, but even research that does not replicate them can help to generate new BaR questions, which contribute to the understanding of the limitations of certain explanations, and the analysis of the contexts…”
BackgroundEthics in Research and Writing
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781316488935.008
American Psychological Association Guidelines for Psychology Papers
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762024.010
How to Make Your Paper Even Better: Proofreading, Revising, and Editing
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762024.015
Spanish Society for the Research of Individual Differences (SEIDI)
Sánchez–López, M. D. P. (1999) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027//1016-9040.4.1.51
Teaching Team Office Hours: By Appointment
Ennett, S. T., & Reyes, H. L. M. (2014)
“Good vibrations”: Optimism, social network position and resource-attraction capability
Lopes, M. P. (2008) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
Guidelines for Data Presentation
Sternberg, R. J. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511819261.009
Using Web Surveys for Psychology Experiments
Peden, B. F., & Tiry, A. M. (2014) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-6433-3.ch039
A Word About Content, Language, and Style
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762024.008
Eight Common Misconceptions About Psychology Papers
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762024.003
Planning and Writing the Experimental Research Paper
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511762024.007
Researching Organizational Learning: Expansive Perspectives
Beighton, C. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57436-7_3
Computational synthesis for scientific experimentation
Leung, S.-W. (2007) · ERA
The Psychologist's Companion for Undergraduates: A Guide to Success for College Students
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017)
Sjåstad, H. (2019) · Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics Electronic Journal · doi:10.38050/2078-3809-2019-11-4-46-73 · Cited by 2
“Such an approach can be an excellent starting point for scientific inquiry (McGuire, 1997), but recent calls have argued for greater adoption of formal models and better theory specification to move the field forward.”
BackgroundIssues in clinical practice : innovation
Maud, M. (2006) · FedUni ResearchOnline (Federation University Australia)
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0007
Forgiving Others and Compassion
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0006
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0008
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0005
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0009
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0010
Exploring Communities of Faith
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0004 · Cited by 2
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0001
KRAUSE, N. M. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.003.0002
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.001
Construct and Data-Evaluation Validity
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.004
Single-Case Experimental Research Designs
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.009
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.007
Cautions, Negative Effects, and Replication
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.016
Selecting Measures for Research
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.011
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.021
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.013
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.022
Ideas that Begin the Research Process
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.005
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.020
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.025
Presenting and Analyzing the Data
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.015
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.024
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.018
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.002
Assessment: Types of Measures and Their Use
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.012
Experimental Research Using Group Designs
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.006
Ethical Issues and Guidelines for Research
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.017
Communication of Research Findings
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.019
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.002
Guidelines for Data Presentation
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.013
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.018
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.001
(2007) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203932070.bmatt
Service, G. J. T. H. P. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470775073.biblio
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.017
Ethics in Research and Writing
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.009
How to Make Your Paper even Better: Proofreading, Revising, and Editing
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.015
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.011
Preparing a Poster Presentation
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.016
A Word About Content, Language, and Style
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.010
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.019
Eight Common Misconceptions About Psychology Papers
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.004
How to Generate, Evaluate, and Present Your Ideas for Research and Papers
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.005
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.014
Planning and Writing the Experimental Research Paper
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.008
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.006
American Psychological Association Guidelines for Psychology Papers
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.012
What a Capital Ideology! Framing Ideological Choice as a Capitalist Consumer Process
Eibach, R. P. (2022) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2022.2065133
Hypothesising in Contemporary Organisational Management Research. What Really Matters?
Todăriţă, E., Porancea-Răulea, A. S., Ranf, D. E., & Badea, D. (2022) · International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION · doi:10.2478/kbo-2022-0039
Mapping the royal road to science: Towards a heuristic for interpreting experimental evidencePreprint
Gruijters, S. L. K. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/7d69h
Cognitive heuristics are generalisation processes that reduce uncertaintyPreprint
Houser, T. M. (2023) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/wjqpb
Strategist Should Find Advantage
Boorman, S. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108686877.007
KRAUSE, N. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.002.0004
The Religion, Aging, and Health Survey and the Landmark Spirituality and Health Survey
KRAUSE, N. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.005.0001
KRAUSE, N. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197587652.002.0003
Rucker, D. D., & Petty, R. E. (2025) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1105
“Although McGuire ’ s contextualism emphasized how any single variable could produce different effects in different situations (McGuire, 1983, 1997), our approach emphasizes how any relationship can be the result of different mechanisms or processes in different situations or for different people.”
Glick, P. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64802-246-320251010
Sternberg, R. J., & Sternberg, K. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316691649.007
Metadata
- Authors
- McGuire, W. J.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGuire, William J.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1997-02
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-30
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2128556371
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Creativity in Education and Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › General Psychology › Academic and Historical Perspectives in Psychology
- Keywords
- hypothesis generation, psychological research methods, research methods teaching, creative research, quantitative data analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review