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Health and Unemployment
Abstract
This paper reviews the relationship between health and inadequate employment, especially unemployment. Poor physical or mental health can lead, via poor work performance, to job loss; however, studies that control for such selection effects are still scarce except for a few health outcomes. For example, aggregate-level studies typically find a positive association between unemployment and suicide rates over time. At the individual level of analysis, panel surveys of laid-off workers tend to find increased psychiatric problems such as depression and substance abuse. Few studies have evaluated interventions to prevent or reduce the adverse health effects of job loss. There have been even fewer studies of the health effects of other types of inadequate employment such as the increasingly prevalent forms of underemployment.
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“The negative health effects of under- and unemployment, or insufficient employment, are well known,2 including increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, and higher rates of mental health hospitalization, pain, alcohol abuse, and suicide.3–6”
From Feasibility and Acceptability of a Community-Based Modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program for the Under- and Unemployed (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Although depression is known to be associated with unemployment, most research on this association has emphasized the impact of job loss on depression rather than depression as a risk factor for job loss.33 A recent analysis from the WMH surveys documented the latter association by showing that history of mental disorders as of the age of completing schooling predicted current (at the time of”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [33]
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The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 · Cited by 2,657
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Second Edition
Scheid, T. L., & Brown, T. N. (2009) · Cited by 1,320
Kessler, R. C. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.11.005 · Cited by 871
Temporary employment and health: a review
Virtanen, M., Mika Kivimaki, B., Joensuu, M., Virtanen, P., Elovainio, M. J., & Vahtera, J. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi024 · Cited by 789
The Far-Reaching Impact of Job Loss and Unemployment
Brand, J. E. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043237 · Cited by 728
Metadata
- Authors
- Dooley, D., Fielding, J., & Levi, L.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Public Health
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1996-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 449-465
- ISSN
- 0163-7525 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2093
- OpenAlex
- W2003764353
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 59 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 11.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- unemployment, health, job loss, underemployment, mental health, depression, substance abuse, suicide, laid-off workers, selection effects, employee performance, health interventions
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Mental Disorders, Health Status, Humans, Mental Health, Research Design, Risk Factors, Suicide, Unemployment, United States
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