The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Surface Chemistry of Lithium Electrodes in Alkyl Carbonate Solutions
Abstract
The chemical composition of the surface films formed on lithium in alkyl carbonate solutions was explored using surface sensitive Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (external reflectance mode). The solvents included propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate. The salts included LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , and LiPF 6 . The advantages of this work over previous studies are that highly reflective Li surfaces were prepared fresh in solution and that the aging processes of the surface films initially formed could be rigorously investigated. Furthermore, these three important solvents were investigated in a single study. This work further proves that the films initially formed on Li surfaces in these solvents consist of ROCO 2 Li as the major constituents. Upon storage, the films initially formed react with trace water to form Li 2 CO 3 , which gradually also becomes a major surface species. It was found that these aging processes also depend on the salts used (for example ROCO 2 Li or Li 2 CO 3 films are not stable in LiPF 6 or LiBF 4 solutions).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Instead of a random distribution of organic and inorganic components, the SEI formed in the presence of FEC is more ordered and appears to have a multilayer structure, consistent with the multilayer system proposed by Aurbach et al. [167].”
From Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries (2023) · cites this paper as [167]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–263 of 263
Lv, H., Zhou, L., Fang, Q., Cheng, J.-L., Mei, J., Xia, Y., & Wang, B. (2024) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202312204 · Cited by 9
Song, G., Dam, T., Na, H.-B., Kim, J., & Park, C.-J. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108744 · Cited by 9
Xie, M., Li, L., Zhang, Y., Du, J., Li, Y., Shan, Y., & Zheng, H. (2019) · Ionics · doi:10.1007/s11581-019-03309-6 · Cited by 15
Song, D., Mi, R.-J., Lee, G.-H., Song, J., Choi, N., & Kang, Y.-M. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.06.158 · Cited by 9
Tanaka, Y., Kawase, T., Matsuda, K., Kondo, H., Inagaki, T., & Nagaoka, M. (2024) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00099 · Cited by 9
Ammonium and Tetraalkylammonium Salts as Additives for Li Metal Electrodes
Cillo, D. D., Bargnesi, L., Lacarbonara, G., & Arbizzani, C. (2023) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries9020142 · Cited by 8
Han, Y.-K., & Lee, S. (2005) · doi:10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.1.043 · Cited by 8
Improving Performance and Safety of Lithium Metal Batteries Through Surface Pretreatment Strategies
Youk, G., Kim, J., & Chae, O. B. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18020261 · Cited by 7
Guan, R., Dong, G., Li, Z., Yang, S.-J., & Zhao, W.-J. (2021) · Journal of materials science. Materials in electronics · doi:10.1007/s10854-021-06433-0 · Cited by 7
Morita, M., Kishimoto, A., Yoshimoto, N., & Egashira, M. (2006) · Research on Chemical Intermediates · doi:10.1163/156856706777973691 · Cited by 7
Ogumi, Z., & Wang, H.-Y. (2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-34445-4_3 · Cited by 7
Transmission Electron Microscopy in Energy Chemistry: Current Applications and Future Perspectives
Jia, X.-L., Zhang, Q., Tao, J., Mo, P.-X., & Han, Y. (2025) · EnergyChem · doi:10.1016/j.enchem.2025.100168 · Cited by 6
Zhang, J., Wu, H., Tang, B., Liu, T., Tian, S., Zhou, L.-X., Zhang, H., Zhang, B.-T., Zhang, J., & 崔, 光. (2021) · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac0b25 · Cited by 6
Lu, L.-Q., & Pei, Y. (2021) · Materials Today Energy · doi:10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100748 · Cited by 6
Serizawa, N., Kitta, K., Tachikawa, N., & Katayama, Y. (2020) · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/aba701 · Cited by 6
Modeling Thermal Abuse in Transportation Batteries
Muller, R., Cygan, R., Deng, J., Frischknecht, A., Hewson, J., Kanouff, M., Larson, R., Moffat, H., Tenney, C., Schultz, P., et al. (2012) · doi:10.2172/1055648 · Cited by 6
Identifying Electrolyte Reduction Intermediates in Lithium Metal Batteries with Spin Trapping
Ramesh, S. L., Huang, Y., Liu, X., Barr, C., Krzyaniak, M. D., Wasielewski, M. R., Broadbelt, L. J., & Lopez, J. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6c04845 · Cited by 8
Phung, N. T., Feng, Y., Poupardin, T. M., Koo, B.-M., de Villeneuve, C. H., Rosso, M., & Ozanam, F. (2025) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.4c03245 · Cited by 5
Cryo−electron microscopy, powerful assistant for advancing battery
Bai, X., Huang, Q., Wang, L., Yang, R., Su, Z., & Jiang, T. (2024) · Journal of Alloys and Compounds · doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175913 · Cited by 5
Markevich, E., Salitra, G., Vestfrid, Y., Afri, M., Sriramulu, S., Sharratt, A., Venkataraman, K., & Aurbach, D. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c08870 · Cited by 5
Self-citationBasa, A., Gajko, E., Goclon, J., Wilczewska, A. Z., & Winkler, K. (2022) · ChemElectroChem · doi:10.1002/celc.202200174 · Cited by 1
Sifuba, S., Willenberg, S., Feleni, U., Ross, N., & Iwuoha, E. (2021) · Journal of Nanotechnology · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.66.1 · Cited by 4
Challenges, mitigation strategies and perspectives in development of Li metal anode
Wang, Z.-S., Yu, J., Rao, M.-M., Jin, X., Huld, F. T., Xu, Z.-M., Li, Y., Lou, F., Ye, D., & Qiu, Y. (2020) · Nano Select · doi:10.1002/nano.202000123 · Cited by 4
Chemical stability and electrochemical activity of xenon difluoride in propylene carbonate
Hirashige, T., Hagiwara, R., & Ito, Y. (2000) · doi:10.1016/s0022-1139(00)00332-8 · Cited by 4
High Coulombic Efficiency of Lithium Plating/Stripping and Lithium Dendrite Prevention
Zhang, J.-G., Xu, W., & Henderson, W. (2017) · Springer series in materials science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44054-5_3 · Cited by 4
Poddar, R. G., Stiborek, J. W., Kempema, N. J., Bilby, D., & Goldenstein, C. (2025) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c04714 · Cited by 3
Real time lithium metal calendar aging in common battery electrolytes
Merrill, L. C., Long, D. M., Rosenberg, S. G., Meyerson, M. L., Lam, M., & Harrison, K. L. (2023) · Frontiers in Batteries and Electrochemistry · doi:10.3389/fbael.2023.1293877 · Cited by 3
Effects of acetonitrile on electrochemical performance of LiFePO4/Li
Peng, Q., Zhang, Z., Yang, L., & Wang, X. (2015) · Russian journal of electrochemistry · doi:10.1134/s1023193515040096 · Cited by 3
Chemomechanical Origin of Morphological Disparity in Lithium Metal Electrodeposition
Xu, Y.-B., Fang, R., Xue, D.-C., Jia, H., Le, P., Zhang, J.-G., Xu, W., Zhang, S., & Wang, C.-M. (2026) · Advances in Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202522026 · Cited by 2
“The monolithic structure (Figure 2c–f) differs from previously proposed mosaic and multilayer models [22, 23].”
Ünal, L., Figgemeier, V., Weber, F., Figgemeier, E., & Eshetu, G. G. (2025) · Advanced Materials Interfaces · doi:10.1002/admi.202500503 · Cited by 2
Ramar, V., Pszolla, C., Weinberger, M., Borck, M., & Zinck, L. (2025) · Batteries & Supercaps · doi:10.1002/batt.202500064 · Cited by 2
Lei, X., He, M., Wu, P., Ma, C., Liu, X., Yao, C., Cui, W., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Li, H., et al. (2025) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202401930 · Cited by 2
Peng, Q. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12203654 · Cited by 2
Electrode potential dominates the reversibility of lithium metal anodes
Yamada, A., Ko, S., Obukata, T., Shimada, T., Takenaka, N., Nakayama, M., & Yamada, Y. (2022) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1274809/v1 · Cited by 2
“9%).(7,8) Next, ether-based electrolytes (e.”
Rattling Transport of Lithium Ion in the Cavities of Model Solid Electrolyte Interphase
Aashish, T., & Mallik, B. S. (2019) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b04160 · Cited by 2
Nagaoka, M., Takayanagi, M., Takenaka, N., Suzuki, Y., Matsumoto, K., Koga, N., Sankaran, S. K., Uppula, P., & Kitamura, Y. (2019) · Molecular Technology · doi:10.1002/9783527823987.vol3_c9 · Cited by 2
Lithium Battery Electrolyte Stability and Performance from Molecular Modeling and Simulations
Smith, G. D., & Borodin, O. A. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5791-6_7 · Cited by 5
“Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of SEI films formed on lithium metal in EC-based electrolytes reveal the presence of alkyl carbonates [19, 26], while FTIR shows the presence of alkyl carbonates in the SEI formed from EC/diethyl carbonate electrolytes on graphite [20…”
BackgroundNazri, G., & Yebka, B. (2000) · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-4333-2_6 · Cited by 2
INVESTIGATION OF GRAPHITE-LITHIUM INTERCALATION ANODES FOR Li-ION RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
Aurbach, D., Markovsky, B., & Ein-Eli, Y. (1996) · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1643-2_4 · Cited by 2
Self-citationMeyer, K., & Lin, F. (2026) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.6c00556 · Cited by 1
Lv, J.-Z., Zhang, Q.-M., & Cao, Y. (2026) · Chemistry · doi:10.1002/chem.202502883 · Cited by 1
Luo, W., Deng, K.-R., Wang, S.-J., Ren, S., Han, D.-M., Wang, Y., Xiao, M., & Meng, Y.-Z. (2020) · doi:10.1155/2020/5047487 · Cited by 1
Passive-film formation on metal substrates in 1m LiPF{sub 6}/EC-DMC solutions
Guidotti, R., & Nelson, G. C. (1997) · doi:10.1557/proc-496-469 · Cited by 1
Wang, J., Huang, W., Pei, A., Li, Y., Shi, F., Yu, X., & Cui, Y. (2019) · Nature Energy · doi:10.1038/s41560-019-0413-3 · Cited by 540
Reddivari, S., Lastoskie, C., Wu, R., & Zhang, J.-L. (2017) · Frontiers in Energy · doi:10.1007/s11708-017-0500-8
Zhang, P.-H., Seino, A., & Ye, S. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.150281
Local Acidity as a Corrosiveness Descriptor of Fluorinated Ether Solvents in Lithium–Metal Batteries
Park, D., Lee, K., Lee, J., Kim, J., Oh, J., Hwang, I., Kim, S., Kim, I., Kim, M.-K., Coskun, A., et al. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/anie.1576222
Rapid electrolyte degradation mapping through reactive molecular dynamics simulations.
Fiates, J., Goodrich, P., Hemingway, J. M., Lu, E.-L., & Dawson, J. A. (2026) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d6cc03537j
Fedorov, R. G., Schlaier, J., Solomatin, N., Auinat, M., Baskin, I. I., Heubner, C., Michaelis, A., & Ein‐Eli, Y. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c08880
Kunimoto, M., Shoji, H., Yanagisawa, M., Morita, M., Abe, T., & Homma, T. (2025) · ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL MATERIALS · doi:10.1002/eem2.70092
Swallow, J., Fraser, M. W., Kneusels, N.-J. H., Charlton, J. F., Sole, C. G., Phelan, C. M. E., Björklund, E., Bencok, P., Escudero, C., Pérez-Dieste, V., et al. (2022) · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-q2bzh
Spotte-Smith, E., Kam, R. L., Barter, D., Xie, X., Hou, T., Dwaraknath, S., Blau, S. M., & Persson, K. (2022) · doi:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-n236n
Cheng, D., Shimizu, R., Weaver, J. L., & Meng, Y. S. (2021) · Microscopy and Microanalysis · doi:10.1017/s1431927621011430 · Cited by 6
“and Aurbachet al.(5) has independently proposed two widely accepted SEI models – a mosaic SEI and a multilayer SEI – to explain the structural and chemical evolution mechanism during the SEI formation.”
BackgroundMun, H.-J., Lee, Y.-H., & Jeong, S.-K. (2017) · doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.900.93
Characterization of the passivation layer on disordered carbons in lithium-ion cells
Guidotti, R., & Johnson, B. (1996) · Proceedings of 11th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances · doi:10.1109/bcaa.1996.484994
Ahmad, Y. (2026) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2026.240487
Lithium sulfur batteries: Electrochemistry and mechanistic research
Dominko, R., Drvarič-Talian, S., & Vižintin, A. (2021) · Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823144-9.00056-x
Impacts of Interfaces, Interphases, and Defects in Battery Electrodes
Liu, C.-F., & Cao, G. (2020) · Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819723-3.00001-9
Sasaki, Y., Yamazaki, N., & Handa, M. (1997) · doi:10.1557/proc-496-477
XPS Analysis of Lithium Surface and Modification of Surface State for Uniform Deposition of Lithium
Kanamura, K., Shiraishi, S., & Takehara, Z. (1995) · doi:10.1557/proc-393-229
Metadata
- Authors
- Aurbach, D., Ein‐Ely, Y., & Zaban, A.
- Affiliations
- Bar-Ilan University (IL)
- Venue
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society
- Publisher
- The Electrochemical Society
- Published
- 1994-01-01
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L1-L3
- ISSN
- 0013-4651 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7111
- OpenAlex
- W1970581450
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 11.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of The Electrochemical Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Keywords
- lithium electrode, surface films, lithium carbonate, lithium alkoxides, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, LiAsF6, lithium perchlorate, LiPF6, lithium tetrafluoroborate, water-induced degradation, lithium metal anode
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review