The DOI matches its Crossref record; 121 of the 121 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy attributable to muscular inactivity has significant adverse functional consequences. While the initiating physiological event leading to atrophy seems to be the loss of muscle tension and a good deal of the physiology of muscle atrophy has been characterized, little is known about the triggers or the molecular signaling events underlying this process. Decreases in protein synthesis and increases in protein degradation both have been shown to contribute to muscle protein loss due to disuse, and recent work has delineated elements of both synthetic and proteolytic processes underlying muscle atrophy. It is also becoming evident that interactions among known proteolytic pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome, lysosomal, and calpain) are involved in muscle proteolysis during atrophy. Factors such as TNF-alpha, glucocorticoids, myostatin, and reactive oxygen species can induce muscle protein loss under specified conditions. Also, it is now apparent that the transcription factor NF-kappaB is a key intracellular signal transducer in disuse atrophy. Transcriptional profiles of atrophying muscle show both up- and downregulation of various genes over time, thus providing further evidence that there are multiple concurrent processes involved in muscle atrophy. The purpose of this review is to synthesize our current understanding of the molecular regulation of muscle atrophy. We also discuss how ongoing work should uncover more about the molecular underpinnings of muscle wasting, particularly that due to disuse.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Various stimuli, such as aging, genetics, denervation, starvation, unhealthy lifestyle (i.e., sedentariness, high fat diet (HFD)), systemic pathologies (i.e., diabetes, inflammation, cancer), and long-term drug therapy (i.e., glucocorticoids) are known to further skeletal muscle loss and weakness [2,3,4].”
From Nutraceuticals in the Prevention and Treatment of the Muscle Atrophy (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Hershko, A., & Ciechanover, A. (1998) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.425 · Cited by 8,840
THE NF-κB AND IκB PROTEINS: New Discoveries and Insights
Baldwin, A. S. (1996) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.14.1.649 · Cited by 5,882
NF-κB AND REL PROTEINS: Evolutionarily Conserved Mediators of Immune Responses
Ghosh, S., May, M. J., & Kopp, E. B. (1998) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.225 · Cited by 5,182
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome Proteolytic Pathway: Destruction for the Sake of Construction
Glickman, M. H., & Ciechanover, A. J. (2002) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00027.2001 · Cited by 4,296
Identification of ubiquitin ligases required for skeletal muscle atrophy.
Bodine, S. C., Latres, E., Baumhueter, S., Lai, V. K.-M., Nunez, L., Clarke, B. A., Poueymirou, W. T., Panaro, F. J., Na, E., Dharmarajan, K., et al. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1065874 · Cited by 3,521
Sandri, M., Sandri, C., Gilbert, A., Skurk, C., Calabria, E., Picard, A., Walsh, K., Schiaffino, S., Lecker, S. H., & Goldberg, A. L. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00400-3 · Cited by 3,012
Bodine, S. C., Stitt, T. N., Gonzalez, M., Kline, W. O., Stover, G. L., Bauerlein, R., Zlotchenko, E., Scrimgeour, A., Lawrence, J. C., Glass, D. J., et al. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1101-1014 · Cited by 2,752
Atrogin-1, a muscle-specific F-box protein highly expressed during muscle atrophy
Gomes, M. D., Lecker, S. H., Jagoe, R. T., Navon, A., & Goldberg, A. L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.251541198 · Cited by 1,774
Rommel, C., Bodine, S. C., Clarke, B. A., Rossman, R., Nunez, L., Stitt, T. N., Yancopoulos, G. D., & Glass, D. J. (2001) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb1101-1009 · Cited by 1,583
Translational control of gene expression
Sonenberg, N., Hershey, J. W. B., & Mathews, M. B. (2000) · Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory eBooks · Cited by 1,379
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Koncarevic A , Jackman RW, and Kandarian SC. Upregulation of ubiquitin-protein ligase Nedd4 in skeletal muscle disuse atrophy. FASEB Summer Research Conference on “Skeletal Muscle Satellite and Stem Cells.” Tucson, AZ, July 26–30, 2003.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 801–900 of 999
Skeletal Muscle Preservation in Arctic Ground Squirrels During Hibernation SeasonPreprint
Goropashnaya, A. V., Bergua, I. Y., Sugiura, M. H., Rice, S. A., Drew, K. L., Dupont‐Versteegden, E. E., & Fedorov, V. B. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5120930 · Cited by 1
Skeletal muscle regulatory factors with alterations in muscle mass
Miller, L., & Michele, J. (2007) · Summit (Simon Fraser University) · Cited by 1
Xin, L. (2021) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/6955133.0
Eigenständige Heimübungen in der Nachbehandlung konservativ behandelter distaler Radiusfrakturen
Pandorf-Frediani, S. (2009) · PubMed · doi:10.18725/oparu-2043
Bacurau, A. V. N. (2013) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2013.tde-07012014-083853 · Cited by 1
Debilidad muscular en personas mayores y la utilización de la NMES
da Silva, T. P. V. (2012) · Gredos (University of Salamanca) · doi:10.14201/gredos.121202
de Moraes, W. M. A. M. (2011) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.39.2011.tde-14022012-145955
Papel do adrenoceptor beta 2 na regeneração muscular esquelética.
da Silva, M. T. (2014) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2014.tde-14112014-154208
Muscle and Ligament Regeneration
Mittlmeier, T., & Stratos, I. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_38
Foot and ankle characteristics in patients with chronic Gout: a case controlled study
Survepalli, D. (2009) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
Júnior, M. L. B. (2007) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2007.tde-18022008-091327
Preparation and application of rat myostatin antiserum
Li, H., Wang, L., Liu, M., & Gu, X. (2009) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-009-1230-7
The specificity of training adaptation in skeletal muscle
CAMERA, D. M. (2013) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27576843
Oxidative Stress: aging and disuse.
Chen, C. (2009) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Neuromuscular Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Scott, S. M. (2008) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)
Endotoxin induced muscle wasting in avian and murine skeletal muscle
Tarabees, R. (2011) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
The role of skeletal muscle in the initiation and progression of knee osteoarthritis
Tonge, D. P. (2010) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)
Cunha, T. F. (2015) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2015.tde-08042015-080511
ENVOLVIMENTO MUSCULAR EM MODELO EXPERIMENTAL DE ARTRITE
Teixeira, V. D. O. N. (2009) · Americanae (AECID Library)
Role of Contraction-Induced Injury in Age-Related Muscle Wasting and Weakness
Faulkner, J. A., Mendias, C. L., Davis, C. S., & Brooks, S. V. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9713-2_16
“M-calpain and related proteases perform the initial disassembly of damaged myofibrils (Jackman and Kandarian 2004).”
BackgroundGenes da via WNT são diferencialmente modulados por protocolos de treinamento de força.
Leal, M. L. (2009) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.42.2009.tde-02022010-115900
“Aumentos significativos da degradação protéica muscular são observados em condições atróficas como, imobilização e desnervação, dentre varias outras (8, 9).”
Verhees, K. J. P. (2013) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20130619kv
Signaling mechanisms in regenerative myogenesis.
Hindi, S. M. (2014) · doi:10.18297/etd/1740
“By contrast, inflammatory response is not very common in denervated skeletal muscle though TWEAK cytokine has now been found to be an important mediator of muscle loss under conditions of denervation (50, 51).”
TRAF6 signaling in skeletal muscle atrophy and regeneration
Paul, P. K. (2011) · doi:10.18297/etd/1101 · Cited by 1
“In contrast, denervation-induced muscle atrophy does not involve any systemic inflammation, though it was recently demonstrated that the TWEAK-Fn14 dyad is one of the important mediators of muscle loss under conditions of denervation (1, 53).”
BackgroundInfluentialAdrenergic signaling in insulin-sensitive tissues
Yamamoto, D. L. (2007) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Targeting Growth and Atrophy Pathways to Ameliorate Muscle Atrophy and Weakness during Disuse.
Salazar, J. J. (2009) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Immobilisatsiooni ja järgneva taastusravi mõju hüppeliigese vigastuse puhul
Paluoja, B. (2013) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu)
Efeito do agonista b2-adrenérgico formoterol na regeneração muscular de ratos idosos.
da Silva, L. H. (2012) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.42.2012.tde-24072012-100623
Foxo1 Induces Apoptosis In Skeletal Myotubes
Smith, S. M., Esser, K. A., Unterman, T. G., & Thomas, M. J. (2009) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000353365.49406.2c
Obesity and endothelial dysfunction : mechanisms, method development and interventions.
Cerri, E. (2010) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Mirzoev, T. M., Turtikova, O. V., Lomonosova, Y. N., Nemirovskaya, T. L., Alekseev, S. M., Kovtun, A. L., Ушаков, И. Б., & Shenkman, E. A. (2014) · Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1134/s1607672914010049
Carvalho, L. C., Polizello, J. C., Freitas, F. C., Padula, N., Shimano, A. C., & Mattiello‐Sverzut, A. C. (2015) · Musculoskeletal Biology · doi:10.7243/2054-720x-2-1
“A previous study carried out in the laboratory showed that two weeks of immobilization in a shortened position atrophied TIF and TIIF [10], a fact that seems to be associated with an increase in proteolysis rather than with a decrease in protein synthesis [20].”
MethodBarbosa, A. L. T., Schossler, J. E. W., Raiser, A. G., Serafini, G., Treichel, T. L. E., Libardoni, R. D. N., Marconato, F., Silveira, M. C., Graça, D. L., Martins, D. B., et al. (2014) · Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/1678-6425
Родинский, А. Г., & Demchenko, T. V. (2014) · Neurophysiology · doi:10.1007/s11062-014-9434-5
Effects of Chronic Tenotomy on the Post-Tetanic Responses of Fast and Slow Muscles in Rats
Arutyunyan, R. S., & Zhabko, E. P. (2013) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-013-9757-5
Probiotics and Physical Strength
Tripathi, A. S., & Marathe, S. J. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802189-7.00047-2
Aru, M. (2008) · DSpace repository (University of Tartu)
Molecular Changes Following Skeletal Muscle Disuse in Humans
Reich, K. A. (2022) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/1079181
Okoro, T., Stewart, C. E., Al‐Shanti, N., LEMMEY, A. B., Maddison, P. J., & Andrew, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Musculoskeletal Research · doi:10.1142/s0218957715500074
Kowal, E., Pearson, G., Peacock, C. S., Jamieson, S. E., & Blackwell, J. M. (2013)
PAPEL DO ADRENOCEPTOR BETA 2 NA REGENERAÇÃO MUSCULAR ESQUELÉTICA
Miyabara, E. H. (2014)
São, E. D. E. D., & Carlos, S. (2005)
Ramírez, C. R. (2012) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Reactive oxygen species mediated regulation of autophagy in skeletal muscles
Rahman, M. (2014) · eScholarship@McGill (McGill) · doi:10.82308/18633
hypertrophy in mice {beta}2-Integrins contribute to skeletal muscle
McLoughlin, T. J., Rakyta, S. J., Linsenmayer, M. P., Marino, S., Tausch, B. J., Dearth, C. L., & Manacci, M. V. (2008)
mouseskeletal muscle atrophy and recovery in A novel hindlimb immobilization procedure for
Grenier, G., Caron, A. Z., Desrosiers, J., Adams, C. M., Pufall, M. A., Ebert, S. M., Dyle, M. C., Bullard, S. A., Dierdorff, J. M., Bongers, K. S., et al. (2015)
Haddad, F., Adams, G., Bodell, P. W., Baldwin, K. M., Nelson, O. L., Rourke, B. C., Ohno, Y., Sugiura, T., Ohira, Y., Yoshioka, T., et al. (2015)
Major Processes for Muscle Gain and Loss
(2010) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/ebk1439813621-c5
Mrad, R. L. (2016) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-5228
“In contrast, disuse related skeletal muscle atrophy does not involve any systematic inflammatory response (Jackman and Kandarian, 2004; Mittal et al., 2010; Paul et al., 2010), suggesting that this caspase-11 mutation present in the cIAP1-null mice does not contribute to the protection observed in denervated soleus an…”
Rodinskij, А. G., Демченко, Т. В., Mozgunov, A. V., & Pysarevska, К. V. (2015) · Pathologia · doi:10.14739/2310-1237.2015.3.56115
de Oliveira, P. D., Gomes, C. R. D. G., de Oliveira, R. F., Pires-Oliveira, D. A. D. A., & Bertolini, S. M. M. G. (2015) · Fisioterapia em Movimento · doi:10.1590/0103-5150.028.002.ao09
“The restriction to movement by immobilization, because of its non-contribution to homeostatic maintenance in anabolic and catabolic reactions, converges to alterations of trophic character (4), and, yet can be distinguished by the strength decreasing, by the muscle size, the fiber area (13), the extensibility (14), th…”
CURSO DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA BACHARELADO
Tromm, C. B. (2011)
EFEITO DO AGONISTA B 2 -ADRENÉRGICO FORMOTEROL NA REGENERAÇÃO MUSCULAR DE RATOS IDOSOS
Miyabara, E. H. (2011)
Solution Properties and Colloidal Assemblies of Various Surfactants
Abe, M. (2003) · Oleoscience · doi:10.5650/oleoscience.3.643
Vergara, F. V., Santibañez, M. A., Herrera, Ó. A., & Argote, R. B. (2012)
Haddock, A. N. (2016) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida)
Machado, J., Elsangedy, H. M., Cieslak, F., Raquel, A., & Gomes, S. (2009)
beta2-Adrenergic Agonists in the Treatment of Muscle Atrophy
Uc, E., Evans, W. J., & Lambert, C. P. (2005) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9780849333798.ch18
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) : not so weak after all.
McMillan, J. D. (2016) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2617
Influence of in utero inflammation on diaphragm function in preterm lambs
Karisnan, K. (2015) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA)
Acute hypoxia-induced diaphragm dysfunction is prevented by antioxidant pre-treatment
O’Leary, A. J. (2016) · Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)
The Role of the Retinoblastoma Protein Family in Skeletal Myogenesis
Ciavarra, G. (2011) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada)
Clinical and Basic Studies of Muscle Strain Injury
Nakazato, K., Kouzaki, K., 송홍선, 민석기, Ochi, E., Lee, K., & Hiranuma, K. (2013) · IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) · doi:10.24985/ijass.2013.25.1.1
Regulation of Protein Turnover during Hyper-osmotic Stress in Skeletal Muscle
Vandommele, C. (2013) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Kakareka, K. M. (2017) · University of North Florida Digital Commons (University of North Florida)
Smac Mimetic Compound Treatment Induces Tumour Regression and Skeletal Muscle Wasting
Vineham, J. (2014) · uO Research (University of Ottawa) · doi:10.20381/ruor-6580
“The loss of protein is due to an increase in protein degradation and to a decrease in protein synthesis (Jackman and Kandarian, 2004).”
BackgroundImproving In Vitro Myogenesis and Force Production in Engineered Skeletal Muscle Tissues
Syverud, B. C. (2017) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Przygodda, F. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.17.2017.tde-12012017-135613
Liu, J. (2018) · IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) · doi:10.7912/c2/2350
Marzuca-Nassr, G. N. (2017) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.42.2017.tde-10052017-105538
Exercise preconditioning and TFAM overexpression diminish skeletal muscle atrophy.
Theilen, N. T. (2018) · ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository (University of Louisville) · doi:10.18297/etd/2986 · Cited by 1
“mechanical stress on the muscle tissue occur, leading to potentially abrupt and reductive structural and molecular changes (55).”
BackgroundEffect of chronic hypoxia on protein metabolism in human skeletal muscle
D’Hulst, G., Ferri, A., Naslain, D., Billaut, F., Marquet, N., Bertrand, L., Horman, S., Francaux, M., Bishop, D. J., & Deldicque, L. (2015)
Metadata
- Authors
- Jackman, R. W., & Kandarian, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 287
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- C834-C843
- ISSN
- 0363-6143 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1563
- OpenAlex
- W2127808488
- Cited by
- 1,008
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01 AR-41705, R01AR041705)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle atrophy, disuse atrophy, muscle protein degradation, muscle protein synthesis, ubiquitin-proteasome system, lysosomal proteolysis, calpain, TNF-α, glucocorticoids, myostatin, reactive oxygen species, NF-κB, transcriptional regulation, muscle atrophy
- MeSH terms
- Muscle Proteins, Muscular Atrophy, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, NF-kappa B, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscular Disorders, Atrophic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review