Cited by 1,008Muscle Physiology and DisordersMuscle metabolism and nutritionNutrition and Health in Aging

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The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy

Jackman, Robert W., Kandarian, Susan C.·2004·American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

DOI 10.1152/ajpcell.00579.2003

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Abstract

Skeletal muscle atrophy attributable to muscular inactivity has significant adverse functional consequences. While the initiating physiological event leading to atrophy seems to be the loss of muscle tension and a good deal of the physiology of muscle atrophy has been characterized, little is known about the triggers or the molecular signaling events underlying this process. Decreases in protein synthesis and increases in protein degradation both have been shown to contribute to muscle protein loss due to disuse, and recent work has delineated elements of both synthetic and proteolytic processes underlying muscle atrophy. It is also becoming evident that interactions among known proteolytic pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome, lysosomal, and calpain) are involved in muscle proteolysis during atrophy. Factors such as TNF-alpha, glucocorticoids, myostatin, and reactive oxygen species can induce muscle protein loss under specified conditions. Also, it is now apparent that the transcription factor NF-kappaB is a key intracellular signal transducer in disuse atrophy. Transcriptional profiles of atrophying muscle show both up- and downregulation of various genes over time, thus providing further evidence that there are multiple concurrent processes involved in muscle atrophy. The purpose of this review is to synthesize our current understanding of the molecular regulation of muscle atrophy. We also discuss how ongoing work should uncover more about the molecular underpinnings of muscle wasting, particularly that due to disuse.

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“Perturbation of protein metabolism lies at the core of skeletal muscle atrophy (Jackman and Kandarian, 2004).”
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Impaired muscle protein anabolic response to insulin and amino acids in heart failure patients: relationship with markers of immune activation
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“, cachexia).(1) The denervated muscle atrophy is quite common in clinical practice among others, but the recovery is often incomplete, and the development of new therapeutic strategies instead of traditional physical rehabilitation still belongs to the most challenging and difficult medical reconstructive problems.”
Background
Mechanical Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Critical Illness Myopathy
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“…(Goldspink, 1977; Kimball et al., 2002) and components of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) play a critical role in the mechanical regulation of protein synthesis and skeletal muscle mass (Thomason and Booth, 1990; Jackman and Kandarian, 2004; Han et al., 2007; Hornberger, 2011).”
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Reduced skeletal muscle fiber size following caloric restriction is associated with calpain-mediated proteolysis and attenuation of IGF-1 signaling
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“As the dysregulation of the UPS is associated with the pathogenesis of several disease states in humans (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease and cancer), the proteasome has emerged as a potential therapeutic target, and a wide range of assays have been developed to monitor proteasomal activity.”
BackgroundInfluential
Suppression of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase activity does not impair recovery of contractile function during reperfusion of ischemic hearts
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Preventive Effects of Dulaglutide on Disuse Muscle Atrophy Through Inhibition of Inflammation and Apoptosis by Induction of Hsp72 Expression
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Dietary Intake of Probiotic Kimchi Ameliorated Il-6-Driven Cancer Cachexia
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“These two pathways are highly regulated via growth factor effects and are interrelated (Jackman and Kandarian 2004).”
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Myoferlin Regulates Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling-Mediated Skeletal Muscle Development by Stabilizing Dishevelled-2 Against Autophagy
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Hibernation: The search for treatments to prevent disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy
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Mergla K + channel induces skeletal muscle atrophy by activating the ubiquitin proteasome pathway
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“anisms involved in initiation of the imbalance (2, 3, 23).”
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A Rat Immobilization Model Based on Cage Volume Reduction: A Physiological Model for Bed Rest?
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“It is important to point out that unlike the muscle wasting caused by some disease states, disuse atrophy is initiated by a reduction in muscle contractile activity and muscle tension, rather than by inflammatory cytokines (Jackman and Kandarian, 2004; Chopard et al., 2009).”
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Tinospora Cordifolia Protects from Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Sciatic Denervation
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The TWEAK–Fn14 dyad is involved in age-associated pathological changes in skeletal muscle
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Chronic hindlimb suspension unloading markedly decreases turnover rates of skeletal and cardiac muscle proteins and adipose tissue triglycerides
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AMP-activated kinase α2 deficiency protects mice from denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy
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Physical Exercise for Muscle Atrophy
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“This type of atrophy is akin to unloading atrophy in mammals (Jackman and Kandarian, 2004; Zhang et al., 2007).”
Background
AT1receptor blocker losartan protects against mechanical ventilation-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction
Kwon, O. S., Smuder, A. J., Wiggs, M. P., Hall, S. E., Sollanek, K. J., Morton, A. B., Talbert, E. E., Toklu, H. Z., Tümer, N., & Powers, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00237.2015 · Cited by 32
Increasing intravenous glucose load in the presence of normoglycemia: Effect on outcome and metabolism in critically ill rabbits
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Angiotensin-(1-7) Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Autophagy via the Mas Receptor in Skeletal Muscle
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“Muscle atrophy associated with DEX treatment has been experimen‐ tally linked to decreased protein synthesis accompanied by increased protein degradation (10), both of which appear to be triggered by ubiquitin‐proteasome system activation involving muscle atrophy F‐box protein (atrogin‐1) and muscle RING finger‐1 (MuR…”
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Old and new biomarkers for volumetric muscle loss
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“Moreover, TNF-a is a major determinant of cachexia in several chronic diseases.(11,12) Disturbed cardiomyocyte calcium kinetics have also been implicated in the origin of myocardial dysfunction during heart failure progression.”
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Calpain inhibition attenuated morphological and molecular changes in skeletal muscle of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis rats
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ALS‐Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Proteins in Denervated Skeletal Muscle: Implications for Motor Neuron Disease Pathology
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“Atrophy of muscle fibres that are not reinnervated is accompanied by decreased expression of structural proteins and increased expression of proteins executing muscle fibres breakdown; muscle fibre remodelling due to other causes such as disuse or cachexia also involves alterations in expression of these proteins (32,…”
Background
Avenanthramides attenuate inflammation and atrophy in muscle cells
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Effects of fasting and refeeding on protein and glucose metabolism in Arctic charr
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Dynamic Changes to the Skeletal Muscle Proteome and Ubiquitinome Induced by the E3 Ligase, ASB2β
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Authors: Jackman, R. W., & Kandarian, S. C.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
Venue: American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2004-10
Volume: 287
Issue: 4
Pages: C834-C843
ISSN: 0363-6143 (ISSN-L)
1522-1563
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00579.2003
OpenAlex: W2127808488
Cited by: 1,008
References: 118
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 45 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 49
FWCI: 3.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Space Biomedical Research Institute
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01 AR-41705, R01AR041705)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Keywords: skeletal muscle atrophy, disuse atrophy, muscle protein degradation, muscle protein synthesis, ubiquitin-proteasome system, lysosomal proteolysis, calpain, TNF-α, glucocorticoids, myostatin, reactive oxygen species, NF-κB, transcriptional regulation, muscle atrophy
MeSH terms: Muscle Proteins, Muscular Atrophy, Transcription, Genetic, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression, NF-kappa B, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscular Disorders, Atrophic

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The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy

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