Relationship between Maternal Obesity, Birth Weight, and Fetal Adiponectin/Leptin Ratio: A Potential Early Biomarker of Cardiometabolic Risk
Open accessAbstract
This study is the first to explore the association between fetal adiponectin/leptin (AdipoQ/Lep) ratio and maternal and neonatal anthropometrics and early alterations in cardiac structure. Although maternal and neonatal weight metrics impact infant heart development, this occurs independently of the AdipoQ/Lep. However, lower levels of AdipoQ/Lep ratio were associated with reduced Z-score of left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, offering insights into fetal programming mechanisms linked to maternal metabolic status during pregnancy.
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Most human studies that evaluated epigenetic mechanisms involved in utero exposure to GDM have identified several differentially methylated genes, including LEP, ADIPOQ, SLC2A1, and SCL2A3, which code respectively for glucose membrane transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3.
“Most human studies that evaluated the epigenetic mechanisms involved in utero exposure to GDM have identified several differentially methylated genes, including gene loci related to leptin (LEP), adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and the SLC2A1 and SCL2A3 genes, which code respectively for glucose membrane transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3.”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [161]
DNA methylation levels of PPARGC1α, a key gene involved in glucose and fat metabolism that codes for PGC1α, were increased.
“Furthermore, DNA methylation levels of the key gene PPARGC1α, involved in glucose and fat metabolism that codes for the protein PGC1α, were increased [161,162].”
From Maternal Overnutrition and Fetal Programming: Long-Term Metabolic, Cognitive, and Epigenetic Consequences (2026) · cites this paper as [161]
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Schiera, G., Macajone, G., Volpes, S., Greco, L., Di Liegro, C. M., Serio, G., Caradonna, F., & Naselli, F. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15040366 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Morais, J., Veiga, D., Ferreira, A. F., Alves, I., Castela, I., Ramalho, C., Miranda, J. O., Leite-Moreira, A., & Falcão-Pires, I.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2025-11-01
- Volume
- 329
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- E655-E662
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W4414276589
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 1
- FWCI
- 10.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- MEC | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (UI/BD/152306/2021, UI/BD/154955/2023, UIDB/00051/2020, UIDP/00051/2020)
- EC | European Regional Development Fund (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER000039)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Keywords
- maternal obesity, birth weight, adiponectin/leptin ratio, cardiometabolic risk, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, fetal programming, maternal metabolic status, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Pregnancy in Obesity, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Adult, Birth Weight, Female, Fetal Blood, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pregnancy, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Leptin, Adiponectin
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