The ABCD of Obesity: An EASO Position Statement on a Diagnostic Term with Clinical and Scientific Implications
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is a frequent, serious, complex, relapsing, and chronic disease process that represents a major public health problem. The coining of obesity as an adiposity-based chronic disease (ABCD) is of particular relevance being in line with EASO’s proposal to improve the International Classification of Diseases ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for obesity based on three dimensions, namely etiology, degree of adiposity, and health risks. The body mass index as a unique measurement of obesity does not reflect the whole complexity of the disease. Obesity complications are mainly determined by 2 pathological processes, i.e., physical forces (fat mass disease) as well as endocrine and immune responses (sick fat disease), which are embedded in a cultural and physical context leading to a specific ABCD stage.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several professional organisations, including the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology and the European Association for the Study of Obesity, have recommended consideration of pathophysiological abnormalities in the mass, distribution, and function of adipose tissue as more appropriate than BMI-centric criteria to assess the effect of excess adiposity on health.
“Several professional organisations, including the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology and the European Association for the Study of Obesity have recommended consideration of pathophysiological abnormalities in the mass, distribution, and function of adipose tissue as more appropriate than BMI-centric criteria to assess the effect of excess adiposity on health.48,49”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [49]
Attempts in the past centuries and more recently to change the name obesity have not succeeded in erasing the name obesity from medical, scientific, or common, everyday vernacular use.
“Attempts in the past centuries (eg, polysarcie and corpulence) and more recently (eg, an adiposity-based chronic disease49) have not succeeded in erasing the name obesity from medical, scientific, or common, everyday vernacular use.”
From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [49]
Cites
(2000) · PubMed · Cited by 13,173 · see citing works
The metabolic phenotype in obesity: Fat mass, body fat distribution, and adipose tissue function
Goossens, G. H. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000471488 · Cited by 8,481 · see citing works
Self-citationEuropean Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults
Yumuk, V., Tsigos, C., Fried, M., Schindler, K., Busetto, L., Micic, D., & Toplak, H. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000442721 · Cited by 3,432 · see citing works
Self-citationFuller, N. R., Colagiuri, S., SCHOFIELD, D. J., Olson, A. D., Shrestha, R. N., Holzapfel, C., Wolfenstetter, S. B., Holle, R., Ahern, A. L., Hauner, H., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.139 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
Blundell, J. E., Baker, J. L., Boyland, E. J., Blaak, E. E., Charzewska, J., Henauw, S. D., Frühbeck, G., González‐Gross, M., Hebebrand, J., Holm, L., et al. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000455952 · Cited by 1,980 · see citing works
Self-citationGarvey, W. T., Mechanick, J. I., Brett, E. M., Garber, A. J., Hurley, D. L., Jastreboff, A. M., Nadolsky, K., Pessah-Pollack, R., & Plodkowski, R. (2016) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161365.gl · Cited by 1,914 · see citing works
Fibrosis and adipose tissue dysfunction.
Sun, K., Tordjman, J., Clément, K., & Scherer, P. E. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.06.016 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Neeland, I. J., Poirier, P., & Després, J.-P. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.117.029617 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
Gadde (2018) · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
TOS Obesity as a Disease Writing Group, Allison, D. B., Downey, M., Atkinson, R. L., Billington, C. J., Bray, G. A., Eckel, R. H., Finkelstein, E. A., Jensen, M. D., & Tremblay, A. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.231 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Mechanick, J. I., Hurley, D. L., & Garvey, W. T. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep161688.ps · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Rodrı́guez, A., Ezquerro, S., Méndez-Giménez, L., Becerril, S., & Frühbeck, G. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00297.2015 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationIs BMI the best measure of obesity?
Adab, P., Pallan, M. J., & Whincup, P. H. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k1274 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Frühbeck, G., Toplak, H., Woodward, E., Yumuk, V., Maislos, M., & Oppert, J. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000350627 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationBariatric and metabolic surgery: a shift in eligibility and success criteria
Frühbeck, G. (2015) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.84 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationVillarejo, C., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Peñas‐Lledó, E., Granero, R., Penelo, E., Tinahones, F. J., Sancho, C., Vilarrasa, N., de Bernabé, M. M., et al. (2012) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2166 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond BMI - Phenotyping the Obesities
Blundell, J. E., Dulloo, A. G., Salvador, J., Frühbeck, G., & G. on behalf of the EASO SAB Working Group on BMI (2014) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000368783 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationParallels in Immunometabolic Adipose Tissue Dysfunction with Ageing and Obesity
Trim, W. V., Turner, J. E., & Thompson, D. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00169 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Mechanick, J. I., Garber, A. J., Handelsman, Y., Garvey, W. T., Beir, D. M., Bohannon, N. J. V., Bray, G. A., Bush, M. A., Evans, J., Hurley, D. L., et al. (2012) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep12160.ps · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Penn, L., White, M. J., Lindström, J., den Boer, A. T., Blaak, E. E., Eriksson, J. G., Feskens, E. J. M., Ilanne‐Parikka, P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Walker, M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057143 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Self-citationControl of body weight: a physiologic and transgenic perspective
Frühbeck, G., & Gómez‐Ambrosi, J. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1053-4 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationGómez‐Ambrosi, J., Salvador, J., Páramo, J. A., Orbe, J., de Irala, J., Diez-Caballero, A., Gil, M. J., Cienfuegos, J. A., & Frühbeck, G. (2002) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0009-9120(02)00320-x · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationRationale for the existence of additional adipostatic hormones
Frühbeck, G., & Gómez‐Ambrosi, J. (2001) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.00-0829hyp · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationHebebrand, J., Holm, J., Woodward, E., Baker, J. L., Blaak, E. E., Durrer-Schutz, D., Farpour‐Lambert, N. J., Frühbeck, G., Halford, J. C. G., Lissner, L., et al. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000479208 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationAn EASO Position Statement on Multidisciplinary Obesity Management in Adults
Yumuk, V., Frühbeck, G., Oppert, J., Woodward, E., & Toplak, H. (2014) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000362191 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationLosing the War Against Obesity: The Need for a Developmental Perspective
Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Zimmet, P., & Forrester, T. (2011) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002554 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
2014 EASO Position Statement on the Use of Anti-Obesity Drugs
Toplak, H., Woodward, E., Yumuk, V., Oppert, J., Halford, J. C. G., & Frühbeck, G. (2015) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000430801 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressing weight bias and discrimination: moving beyond raising awareness to creating change
Salas, X. R., Alberga, A. S., Cameron, E., Estey, L., Forhan, M. A., Kirk, S., Russell‐Mayhew, S., & Sharma, A. M. (2017) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12592 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Precision medicine: diagnosis and management of obesity
Frühbeck, G., Kiortsis, D. N., & Catalán, V. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30312-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationReexamining the Physical Examination for Obese Patients
Silk, A. W. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1950 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
2018 must be the year for action against NCDs
Horton, R. C., & Sargent, J. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30674-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Frühbeck, G., Toplak, H., Woodward, E., Halford, J. C. G., & Yumuk, V. (2014) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000370038 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationConfronting the Social Determinants of Health — Obesity, Neglect, and Inequity
Cheng, J. K. (2012) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1209420 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Frühbeck, G., Sbraccia, P., Nisoli, E., Woodward, E., Yumuk, V., Farpour‐Lambert, N. J., Halford, J. C. G., Toplak, H., & Carruba, M. O. (2016) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000448234 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tacke, F., Horn, P., Wai-Sun Wong, V., Ratziu, V., Bugianesi, E., Francque, S., Zelber-Sagi, S., Valenti, L., Roden, M., Schick, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031 · Cited by 2,210 · see citing works
Self-citationDefinition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity
Rubino, F., Cummings, D. E., Eckel, R. H., Cohen, R. V., Wilding, J. P. H., Brown, W. A., Stanford, F. C., Batterham, R. L., Farooqi, I. S., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00316-4 · Cited by 1,811 · see citing works
Self-citationRubino, D., Abrahamsson, N., Davies, M., Hesse, D., Greenway, F. L., Jensen, C., Lingvay, I., Mosenzon, O., Rosenstock, J., Rubio, M. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3224 · Cited by 1,444 · see citing works
Self-citationCusi, K., Isaacs, S., Barb, D., Basu, R., Caprio, S., Garvey, W. T., Kashyap, S., Mechanick, J. I., Mouzaki, M., Nadolsky, K., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.03.010 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Contemporary medical, device, and surgical therapies for obesity in adults
Perdomo, C. M., Cohen, R. V., Sumithran, P., Clément, K., & Frühbeck, G. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02403-5 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
Self-citationGarber, A. J., Handelsman, Y., Grunberger, G., Einhorn, D., Abrahamson, M. J., Barzilay, J. I., Blonde, L., Bush, M. A., DeFronzo, R. A., Garber, J. R., et al. (2020) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/cs-2019-0472 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Blonde, L., Umpierrez, G. E., Reddy, S. S., McGill, J. B., Berga, S. L., Bush, M., Chandrasekaran, S., DeFronzo, R. A., Einhorn, D., Galindo, R. J., et al. (2022) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2022.08.002 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
A new framework for the diagnosis, staging and management of obesity in adults
Busetto, L., Dicker, D., Frühbeck, G., Halford, J. C. G., Sbraccia, P., Yumuk, V., & Goossens, G. H. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03095-3 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Self-citation(2024) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000539371 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Strengths and Limitations of BMI in the Diagnosis of Obesity: What is the Path Forward?
Sweatt, K., Garvey, W. T., & Martins, C. (2024) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-024-00580-1 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Why primary obesity is a disease?
LORENZO, A. D., Gratteri, S., Gualtieri, P., Cammarano, A., Bertucci, P., & Renzo, L. D. (2019) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-019-1919-y · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the treatment of obesity: key elements of the STEP trials 1 to 5
Kushner, R. F., Calanna, S., Davies, M., Dicker, D., Garvey, W. T., Goldman, B., Lingvay, I., Thomsen, M., Wadden, T. A., Wharton, S., et al. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22794 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“Burden of obesity Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, progressive disease (1) with a multifactorial origin, including genetic, metabolic, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental factors (2,3).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSemaglutide for the treatment of overweight and obesity: A review
Bergmann, N. C., Davies, M. J., Lingvay, I., & Knop, F. K. (2023) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14863 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease, Adiposity and Dysglycemia Drivers
Mechanick, J. I., Farkouh, M. E., Newman, J. D., & Garvey, W. T. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.044 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Gaps to bridge: Misalignment between perception, reality and actions in obesity
Caterson, I. D., Alfadda, A. A., Auerbach, P., Coutinho, W., Cuevas, A., Dicker, D., Hughes, C., Iwabu, M., Kang, J., Nawar, R., et al. (2019) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.13752 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationThe performance of anthropometric tools to determine obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sommer, I., Teufer, B., Szeląg, M., Nußbaumer-Streit, B., Titscher, V., Klerings, I., & Gartlehner, G. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69498-7 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Wharton, S., Calanna, S., Davies, M., Dicker, D., Goldman, B., Lingvay, I., Mosenzon, O., Rubino, D. M., Thomsen, M., Wadden, T. A., et al. (2022) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14551 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“Obesity is a chronic, relapsing disease, leading to substantial burden on individuals and health care systems worldwide.(1,2) Weight management guidelines recommend pharmacotherapy as an adjunct to lifestyle interventions in patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2), or ≥27 kg/m(2) with weight-related comorbid…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBusetto, L., Bettini, S., Makaronidis, J., Roberts, C. A., Halford, J. C. G., & Batterham, R. L. (2021) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.002 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationRelevance of body composition in phenotyping the obesities
Salmón‐Gómez, L., Catalán, V., Frühbeck, G., & Gómez‐Ambrosi, J. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09796-3 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationNadolsky, K., Garvey, W. T., Agarwal, M., Bonnecaze, A., Burguera, B., Chaplin, M. D., Griebeler, M. L., Harris, S. R., Schellinger, J. N., Simonetti, J., et al. (2025) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2025.07.017 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationFitch, A., & Bays, H. E. (2022) · Obesity Pillars · doi:10.1016/j.obpill.2021.100004 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Tan, H. C., Dampil, O. A., & Marquez, M. M. (2022) · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · doi:10.15605/jafes.037.02.14 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
New horizons. A new paradigm for treating to target with second-generation obesity medications
Garvey, W. T. (2022) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab848 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Obesity phenotypes and cardiovascular risk: From pathophysiology to clinical management
Preda, A., Carbone, F., Tirandi, A., Montecucco, F., & Liberale, L. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09813-5 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The promise of new anti-obesity therapies arising from knowledge of genetic obesity traits
Hinney, A., Körner, A., & Fischer-Posovszky, P. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00716-0 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Garvey, W. T., & Mechanick, J. I. (2020) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22727 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Physical activity and exercise for weight loss and maintenance in people living with obesity
Oppert, J.-M., Ciangura, C., & Bellicha, A. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09805-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
McGowan, B., Ciudin, A., Baker, J. L., Busetto, L., Dicker, D., Frühbeck, G., Goossens, G. H., Monami, M., Sbraccia, P., Martinez-Tellez, B., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03978-z · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationEuropean Association for the Study of Obesity Position Statement on the Global COVID-19 Pandemic
Frühbeck, G., Baker, J. L., Busetto, G. M., Dicker, D., Goossens, G. H., Halford, J. C. G., Handjieva‐Darlenska, T., Hassapidou, M. N., Holm, J., Lehtinen‐Jacks, S., et al. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000508082 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationNadolsky, K., Addison, B., Agarwal, M., Almandoz, J. P., Bird, M. D., DeGeeter Chaplin, M., Garvey, W. T., & Kyle, T. K. (2023) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2023.03.272 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Link Between Obesity and the Skin
Darlenski, R., Mihaylova, V., & Handjieva‐Darlenska, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.855573 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Obesity in Adults: A 2022 Adapted Clinical Practice Guideline for Ireland
Breen, C., O’Connell, J., Geoghegan, J., O'Shea, D. B., Birney, S., Tully, L., Gaynor, K., O’Kelly, M., O’Malley, G., O’Donovan, C. B., et al. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000527131 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis
Zhong, P., Zeng, H., Huang, M., Fu, W., & Chen, Z. (2022) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02945-1 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
McGowan, B., Ciudin, A., Baker, J. L., Busetto, L., Dicker, D., Frühbeck, G., Goossens, G. H., Monami, M., Sbraccia, P., Martinez-Tellez, B., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03765-w · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity and COVID-19: The Two Sides of the Coin
Dicker, D., Bettini, S., Farpour‐Lambert, N. J., Frühbeck, G., Golan, R., Goossens, G. H., Halford, J. C. G., O’Malley, G., Müllerová, D., Salas, X. R., et al. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000510005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationGarvey, W. T. (2022) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.1016/j.eprac.2021.11.082 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
‘Obesities’: Position statement on a complex disease entity with multifaceted drivers
Yárnoz‐Esquíroz, P., Olazarán, L., Aguas‐Ayesa, M., Perdomo, C. M., García‐Goñi, M., Silva, C., Fernández‐Formoso, J. A., Escalada, J., Montecucco, F., Portincasa, P., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13811 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationKhalil, M., Shanmugam, H., Abdallah, H., JohnBritto, J. S., Galerati, I., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., Frühbeck, G., & Portincasa, P. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14153112 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationDicker, D., Karpati, T., Promislow, S., & Reges, O. (2025) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/annals-24-02547 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationMłynarska, E., Bojdo, K., Bulicz, A., Frankenstein, H., Gąsior, M., Kustosik, N., Rysz, J., & Franczyk, B. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47100787 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Agius, R., Pace, N. P., & Fava, S. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3725 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Goossens, G. H., Dicker, D., Farpour‐Lambert, N. J., Frühbeck, G., Müllerová, D., Woodward, E., & Holm, J. (2020) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000510719 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDecreased adiponectin/leptin ratio relates to insulin resistance in adults with obesity
Castela, I., Morais, J., Barreiros-Mota, I., Silvestre, M. P., Marques, C., Rodrigues, C., Ismael, S., Araújo, J. R., Ângelo-Dias, M., Martins, C., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00273.2022 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Nicolau, J., Pujol, A., Tofé, S., Bonet, A., & Gil, A. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113967 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Explaining adult obesity, severe obesity, and BMI: Five decades of change
Kranjac, A. W., & Kranjac, D. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16210 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Physiopathological mechanisms related to inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Lempesis, I. G., & Georgakopoulou, V. (2023) · World Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.5493/wjem.v13.i3.7 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Towards an adiposity-related disease framework for the diagnosis and management of obesities
Perdomo, C. M., Avilés-Olmos, I., Dicker, D., & Frühbeck, G. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09797-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationCastela, I., Rodrigues, C., Ismael, S., Barreiros-Mota, I., Morais, J., Araújo, J. R., Marques, C., Silvestre, M. P., Ângelo‐Dias, M., Martins, C. G., et al. (2022) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2022.06.021 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lempesis, I. G., Tsilingiris, D., Liu, J., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2022) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2022.100208 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Roth, L. M. K., Ordnung, M., Forkmann, K., Mehl, N., & Horstmann, A. (2023) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23744 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Non-invasive investigation of adipose tissue by time domain diffuse optical spectroscopy
Lanka, P., Segala, A., Farina, A., Konugolu Venkata Sekar, S., Nisoli, E., Valerio, A., Taroni, P., Cubeddu, R., & Pifferi, A. (2020) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.391028 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Crosstalk between Gut Microbiota and White Adipose Tissue Mitochondria in Obesity
Colangeli, L., Marcillo, D. I. E., Simonelli, V., Iorio, E., Rinaldi, T. G., Sbraccia, P., Fortini, P., & Guglielmi, V. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15071723 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Landecho, M. F., Marín‐Oto, M., Zamacona, B. R., Bilbao, I., & Frühbeck, G. (2021) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.03.031 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity management: at the forefront against disease stigma and therapeutic inertia
Busetto, L., Sbraccia, P., & Vettor, R. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01217-1 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationContemporary Classification of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP1RAs)
Kalra, S., Bhattacharya, S., & Kapoor, N. (2021) · Diabetes Therapy · doi:10.1007/s13300-021-01113-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The SEEN comprehensive clinical survey of adult obesity: Executive summary
Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Vilarrasa, N., Rubio, M. Á., Barahona, M. J., Bueno, M., Caixàs, A., Continente, A. J. C., Ciudin, A., Cordido, F., de Hollanda, A., et al. (2021) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.endien.2020.05.006 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Defining and Diagnosing Obesity in India: A Call for Advocacy and Action
Kalra, S., Kapoor, N., Verma, M., Shaikh, S. S., Das, S., Jacob, J. J., & Sahay, R. K. (2023) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2023/4178121 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhu, R., & Chen, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1095432 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Garvey, W. T., Mahle, C. D., Bell, T., & Kushner, R. F. (2024) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.756 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The SEEN comprehensive clinical survey of adult obesity: Executive summary.
Ballesteros-Pomar, M., García, N. V., Rubio-Herrera, M., Barahona, M., Bueno, M., Caixàs, A., Continente, A. C., Ciudin, A., Cordido, F., de Hollanda, A., et al. (2020) · Endocrinología Diabetes y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endinu.2020.05.003 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Becerril, S., Rodrı́guez, A., Catalán, V., Ramírez, B., Mentxaka, A., Neira, G., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., & Frühbeck, G. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15010073 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDong, H., Yan, Y., Liu, J., Cheng, H., Zhao, X., Shan, X., Huang, G., Mi, J., Mi, J., Liu, J., et al. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.08.012 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Precision nutrition in the context of bariatric surgery
Aguas‐Ayesa, M., Yárnoz‐Esquíroz, P., Olazarán, L., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., & Frühbeck, G. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09794-5 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationPhenotyping the obesities: reality or utopia?
Portincasa, P., & Frühbeck, G. (2023) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-023-09829-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationLempesis, I. G., Liu, J., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2022) · Metabolism Open · doi:10.1016/j.metop.2022.100220 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bowman-Busato, J., Schreurs, L., Halford, J. C. G., Yumuk, V., O’Malley, G., Woodward, E., Cock, D. D., & Baker, J. L. (2024) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01565-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose Tissue Epigenetic Profile in Obesity-Related Dysglycemia - A Systematic Review
Andrade, S., Morais, T., Sandovici, I., Seabra, A. L., Constância, M., & Monteiro, M. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.681649 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Friedman, A. N., Schauer, P. R., Beddhu, S., Kramer, H., le Roux, C. W., Purnell, J. Q., Sunwold, D., Tuttle, K. R., Jastreboff, A. M., & Kaplan, L. M. (2022) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2022.06.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Can We Deliver Person-Centred Obesity Care Across the Globe?
Ells, L. J., Ashton, M., Li, R., Logue, J., Griffiths, C., Torbahn, G., Marwood, J., Stubbs, R. J., Clare, K., Gately, P., et al. (2022) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-022-00489-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nagayama, D., Watanabe, Y., Yamaguchi, T., Suzuki, K. S., Saiki, A., Fujishiro, K., & Shirai, K. (2022) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000520418 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Warkentin, S., Santos, A. C., & Oliveira, A. (2020) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2020.01.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Targeting the GDF15 Signalling for Obesity Treatment: Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges
Zhang, J., Sun, J., Li, J., & Xia, H. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.70251 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Research Progress of Ferroptosis in Adiposity‐Based Chronic Disease (ABCD)
Du, H., Ren, X., Bai, J., Yang, W. P., Gao, Y., & Yan, S. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/1052699 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pharmacological profile of once-weekly injectable semaglutide for chronic weight management
Lau, D. C. W., Batterham, R. L., & le Roux, C. W. (2022) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2022.2070473 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Palmas-Candia, F. X., Ciudin, A., Guerra, R., Eiroa, D., Coll, C. E., Rosón, N., Burgos, R., & Simó, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1161116 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
NAFLD as the metabolic hallmark of obesity
Rojano‐Toimil, A., Sena, E., Manzano-Núñez, R., Pericàs, J. M., & Ciudin, A. (2022) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-022-03139-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sandvik, J., Hole, T., Klöckner, C. A., Kulseng, B. E., & Wibe, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.00459 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Perceptions, attitudes, and barriers toward obesity management in Saudi Arabia
Alfadda, A. A., Qarni, A. A. A., Alamri, K., Ahamed, S. S., Abo’ouf, S., Shams, M. Y., Abdelfattah, W. A., & Shaikh, A. A. (2021) · Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_500_20 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
High-dose liraglutide improves metabolic syndrome in poor responders to bariatric surgery
Vinciguerra, F., Piazza, L., Stefano, C. D., Degano, C., Pulvirenti, A., Baratta, R., & Frittitta, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1183899 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Revisiting the beyond BMI paradigm in excess weight diagnosis and management: A call to action
Aguas‐Ayesa, M., Yárnoz‐Esquíroz, P., Perdomo, C. M., Olazarán, L., Vegas-Aguilar, I. M., García‐Almeida, J. M., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., & Frühbeck, G. (2024) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.14218 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiometabolic risk: New chronic care models
Nieto-Martínez, R. E., Gonzalez-Rivas, J. P., & Mechanick, J. I. (2021) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1002/jpen.2264 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Understanding the pathophysiologic pathways that underlie obesity and options for treatment
Kumar, R. B., Srivastava, G., Reid, T. J., & Aronne, L. J. (2021) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2021.1991310 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stubbs, R. J., Duarte, C., O’Driscoll, R., Turicchi, J., Kwaśnicka, D., Sniehotta, F. F., Marques, M. M., Horgan, G. W., Larsen, S. C., Palmeira, A. L., et al. (2021) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000513042 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiometabolic risk factors efficacy of semaglutide in the STEP program
Amaro, A., SKOLNIK, N., & Sugimoto, D. H. (2022) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2022.2147325 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Frühbeck, G., Méndez-Giménez, L., Becerril, S., Ramírez, B., Hernández‐Pardos, A. W., Cienfuegos, J. A., Valentí, V., Moncada, R., Catalán, V., Gómez‐Ambrosi, J., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24043412 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationImplications of obesity and adiposopathy on respiratory infections; focus on emerging challenges
Lempesis, I. G., & GEORGAKOPOULOU, V. E. (2023) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v11.i13.2925 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mallik, R., Carpenter, J., & Zalin, A. (2023) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2023-0148 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Overweight and Obesity in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes: A Growing Challenge
Majanović, S. K., Detel, D., Igrec, M., Bergoč, A., Rahelić, V., & Rahelić, D. (2024) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology5030018 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Agbaje, A. O. (2025) · Obesity and Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/obendo/wjaf002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Barazzoni, R., Sievenpiper, J. L., Genton, L., Kendall, C. W. C., Ballesteros-Pomar, M. D., Giosuè, A., Boirie, Y., Chiavaroli, L., Cederholm, T., Aas, A., et al. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.10.007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gonzalez-Rivas, J. P., Mechanick, J. I., Hernández, J., Infante-García, M. M., Pavlovska, I., Medina‐Inojosa, J. R., Kunzová, Š., Nieto-Martínez, R. E., Brož, J., Busetto, L., et al. (2021) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.496 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Appearance of Epicardial Adipose Tissue through Human Development
Pérez‐Miguelsanz, J., Jiménez‐Ortega, V., Cano, P., Garaulet, M., Esquifino, A. I., Varela‐Moreiras, G., & Fernández‐Mateos, P. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13092906 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Jones, R. A. P., Christiansen, P., Maloney, N. G., Duckworth, J. J., Hugh‐Jones, S., Ahern, A. L., Richards, R., Brown, A. C., Flint, S. W., Robinson, E., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01220-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationDomènech, E., Ciudin, A., Balibrea, J. M., Espinet-Coll, E., Cañete, F., Flores, L., Ferrer-Márquez, M., Turró, R., Hernández-Camba, A., Zabana, Y., et al. (2024) · Gastroenterología y Hepatología · doi:10.1016/j.gastrohep.2023.12.008 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Palumbo, A. M., Jacob, C. M., Khademioore, S., Sakib, M. N., Yoshida‐Montezuma, Y., Christodoulakis, N., Yassa, P., Vanama, M. S., Gamra, S., Ho, P., et al. (2025) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13894 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ocobock, C. J., & Niclou, A. M. (2022) · Evolution Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoac030 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
COVID-19 and liver injury in individuals with obesity
Lempesis, I. G., Karlafti, E., Papalexis, P., Fotakopoulos, G., Tarantinos, K., Lekakis, V., Papadakos, S. P., Cholongitas, Ε., & GEORGAKOPOULOU, V. E. (2023) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.908 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Obesity-Related Kidney Disease: A Growing Threat to Renal Health
León-Román, J. C., López-Martínez, M., Esteves, A., Ciudin, A., Núñez-Delgado, S., Álvarez, T., Lecube, A., Rico-Fontalvo, J. E., & Soler, M. J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26146641 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Khalafi, M., Maleki, A. H., Mojtahedi, S., Ehsanifar, M., Rosenkranz, S. K., Symonds, M. E., Tarashi, M. S., Fatolahi, S., & Fernández, M. L. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17152388 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Frühbeck, G., Busetto, L., Dicker, D., Yumuk, V., Goossens, G. H., Hebebrand, J., Halford, J. G. C., Farpour-Lambert, N. J., Blaak, E. E., Woodward, E., & Toplak, H.
- Affiliations
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra (ES)
- University of Padua (IT)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa (TR)
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (NL)
- Essen University Hospital (DE)
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (GB)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Obesity Facts
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131-136
- ISSN
- 1662-4025 (ISSN-L)
- 1662-4033
- PMC
- PMC6547280
- OpenAlex
- W2921933461
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 48.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Obesity Facts (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Deposito Adademico Digital Universidad De Navarra (University of Navarra) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- obesity, ICD-11 diagnostic criteria, body mass index limitations, obesity etiology, health risks, obesity classification
- MeSH terms
- Chronic Disease, Diagnostic Techniques, Endocrine, Humans, Terminology as Topic, Obesity, Societies, Scientific, Body Mass Index, Biomedical Research, Adiposity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
