The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Low energy availability, not exercise stress, suppresses the diurnal rhythm of leptin in healthy young women
Open accessAbstract
Because the effect of exercise on leptin was not established, we controlled energy intake (I) and exercise energy expenditure (E) to distinguish the independent effects of energy availability (A = I − E) and exercise stress (everything associated with exercise except its energy cost) on the diurnal leptin rhythm in healthy young women. In random order, we set A = 45 and 10 kcal ⋅ kg lean body mass−1(LBM) ⋅ day−1 for 4 days during the early follicular phase of separate menstrual cycles in sedentary (S, n = 7) and exercising (X, n = 9: E = 30 kcal ⋅ kg LBM−1 ⋅ day−1) women. Low energy availability suppressed the 24-h mean ( P < 10−6) and amplitude ( P < 10−5), whereas exercise stress did not (both P> 0.2). Suppressions of the 24-h mean (−72 ± 3 vs. −53 ± 3%, P < 0.001) and amplitude (−85 ± 3 vs. −58 ± 6%, P < 0.001) were more extreme in S vs. X than previously reported effects on luteinizing hormone pulsatility and carbohydrate availability. Thus the diurnal rhythm of leptin depends on energy, or carbohydrate, availability, not intake, and exercise has no suppressive effect on the diurnal rhythm of leptin beyond the impact of its energy cost on energy availability.
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“Studies of LEA exposure have identified a somewhat more prominent effect of poor EI, rather than excessive EEE, in causing most of the physiological perturbations.127 160”
From 2023 international olympic committee's (IOC) consensus statement on relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) (2023) · cites this paper as [160]
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“In this same study, leptin levels decreased by 50% in response to dietary restriction, and this difference is proportional to the reductions in CHO intake [45].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Furthermore, luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency suggests that LH pulsatility may depend on CHO as opposed to EA, as evidenced by disruption to LH pulsatility at a level of CHO availability between 90–130 g/d of glucose [23,45].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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“it has been demonstrated that skeletal muscle alters its fuel source in response to LEA conditions, oxidizing less CHO and more fat during exercise [45].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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“In two conditions of identical LEA (with one achieved from dietary restriction and the other one achieved from exercise), CHO availability was 57% higher in women who reduced EA via exercise compared to reduced EA via dietary restriction [45].”
From Considerations of Low Carbohydrate Availability (LCA) to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) in Female Endurance Athletes: A Narrative Review (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
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Citations
Cites
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Low energy availability, not stress of exercise, alters LH pulsatility in exercising women
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Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mountjoy, M., Ackerman, K. E., Bailey, D. M., Burke, L. M., Constantini, N., Hackney, A. C., Heikura, I. A., Melin, A., Pensgaard, A. M., Stellingwerff, T., et al. (2023) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2023-106994 · Cited by 724
Aubry, M., Cantu, R., Dvořák, J., Graf-Baumann, T., Johnston, K., Kelly, J., Lovell, M., McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., & Schamasch, P. (2002) · Physician and sportsmedicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.36.1.6 · Cited by 722
De Souza, M. J., Nattiv, A., Joy, E., Misra, M., Williams, N. I., Mallinson, R. J., Gibbs, J. C., Olmsted, M., Goolsby, M., Matheson, G., et al. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218 · Cited by 661
“9 23 – 25 A causal relationship for the induction of menstrual disorders associated with low EA was carefully documented in the literature.”
BackgroundIntegrative physiology of human adipose tissue
Frayn, K. N., Karpe, F., Fielding, B. A., Macdonald, I. A., & Coppack, S. W. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802326 · Cited by 480
Physical Activity and Exercise in the Regulation of Human Adipose Tissue Physiology
Thompson, D., Karpe, F., Lafontan, M., & Frayn, K. N. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00012.2011 · Cited by 425
Metadata
- Authors
- Hilton, L. K., & Loucks, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Ohio University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2000-01-01
- Volume
- 278
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- E43-E49
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2152128405
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 4.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- National Institutes of Health (1r55hd029547-01)
- Directorate for Biological Sciences
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR-00034, M01RR000034)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1R55-HD-29547-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- leptin, diurnal cycle, energy availability, exercise stress, energy expenditure, energy intake, carbohydrate availability, luteinizing hormone pulsatility, menstrual cycle, follicular phase, young women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Energy Intake, Circadian Rhythm, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Reference Values, Exercise, Leptin
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