Cited by 346Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyBlood transfusion and managementTrauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation

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Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion

Ekblom, B, Goldbarg, A N, Gullbring, B·1972·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.2.175

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Hemoglobin values: comparative survey of the 1976 Canadian Olympic team.
Clement, D. B., Asmundson, R. C., & Medhurst, C. W. (1977) · PubMed · Cited by 45
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“Similar findings have been reported in subjects undergoing progressive phlebotomies to create anemia.(12) When irondeficiency anemia is corrected in these studies, normal endurance times are restored.”
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Hemodilution — New Clothes for an Anemic Emperor
Lundsgaard-Hansen, P. (1979) · Vox Sanguinis · doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.1979.tb04506.x · Cited by 39
Detection of Autologous Blood Transfusions in Athletes: A Historical Perspective
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“This was documented in the classic study by Ekblom et al [3] from 1972 where a high correlation between Hb and performance capacity after blood withdrawal and reinfusion was presented.”
BackgroundMethod
The effect of a standard whole blood donation on oxygen uptake and exercise capacity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Remoortel, H. V., Buck, E. D. J. D., Compernolle, V., Deldicque, L., & Vandekerckhove, P. G. (2016) · Transfusion · doi:10.1111/trf.13893 · Cited by 37
“constant work load test at 30 and 60% of VO2max until 6 minutes of duration.(29) Details on the characteristics of the included studies can be found in Table 1.”
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The training stimulus experienced by the leg muscles during cycling in humans
McPhee, J. S., Williams, A. G., Stewart, C. E., Baar, K., Pérez‐Schindler, J., Aldred, S., Maffulli, N., Sargeant, A. J., & Jones, D. A. (2009) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2008.045658 · Cited by 37
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“This has been achieved in the laboratory by use of red cell reinfusion procedures (Ekblom et al. 1972, 1976), and it is well known that athletes have also used this procedure, either by removing their own blood some weeks before competition and replacing it in the last few days before competition,…”
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Spivak, J. L. (2001) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3401-0_14 · Cited by 36
Acute hyperhydration reduces athlete biological passport OFF ‐hr score
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“…agents or blood transfusions have been a prevailing method among athletes and has the capability of increasing hemoglobin mass, which has shown to increase (Ekblom et al., 1972) and be closely correlated to the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (Joyner, 2003; Jacobs et al., 2011).”
Background
Autologous Blood Transfusion Enhances Exercise Performance—Strength of the Evidence and Physiological Mechanisms
Solheim, S. A., Bejder, J., Andersen, A. B., Mørkeberg, J., & Nordsborg, N. B. (2019) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-019-0204-1 · Cited by 37
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Blood boosting
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“20 Increased performance after blood transfusion was first shown as early as 1947, 21 but the first pivotal results came from the experiments of Ekblom et al 22 on human volunteers in 1972.”
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Iron and learning potential in childhood.
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Blood Doping and Erythropoietin: The Effects of Variation in Hemoglobin Concentration and Other Related Factors on Physical Performance
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“in improving athletic performance,[1-3] it entails invasive procedures and the risk that transfusion Artificial oxygen carriers or ‘blood substitutes’ materials will be detected by anti-doping authorities.”
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Abnormal Hematologic Profiles in Elite Cross-Country Skiers: Blood Doping or?
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“During submaximal exercise, systemic O2 demand and O2 delivery are well matched, and for a given metabolic rate (oxygen uptake: VO2), cardiac output increases with the reduction in arterial oxygen concentration (CaO2) [1–5].”
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Splenectomy impairs diffusive oxygen transport in the lung of dogs
Dane, D. M., Hsia, C. C. W., Wu, E. Y., et al. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01600.2005 · Cited by 30
“In comparison, circulating red cell volume changes relatively little from rest to exercise in human athletes and maximal O2 uptake is only moderately enhanced when blood volume is elevated by autologous blood transfusion (8, 9) (Fig.”
Background
Exercise performance in hypoxia after novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein treatment
Lundby, C., & Damsgaard, R. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00434.x · Cited by 30
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“Increased VO2max following re-infusion of RBC has been explained by the increased oxygen carrying doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156157.g007 PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0156157 June 10, 2016 16 / 25 capacity of the blood, due to an increased number of RBC, [Hb], blood volume, total Hbmass [23] and Q [22].”
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“…increased peak oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 peak), time- to-exhaustion as well as time trial performance in untrained to well-trained males during various aerobic dominated disciplines, 6– 10 , 46 while a Currently, only two studies have investigated the performance-enhancing effects of a micro-dose ABT.”
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Limiting factors to oxygen transport on Mount Everest 30�years after: a critique of Paolo Cerretelli?s contribution to the study of altitude physiology
Ferretti, G. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0923-2 · Cited by 25
“Most significant in this context, and even considered conclusive by some, were the first experiments showing an increase in _V O2max after autologous blood reinfusion (Ekblom et al. 1972) and the parallel of such an increase with that in maximal cardiac output (Ekblom et al. 1976).”
o2max, blood doping, and erythropoietin: Figure 1
Joyner, M. J. (2003) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.3.190 · Cited by 26
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“Males, on average, have 12% more circulating hemoglobin (g/dL) (Murphy, 2013), thought to result in greater oxygen transport (Ekblom et al., 1972), uptake, (Sparling, 1980) and thus greater exercise capacity.”
Background
The oxygen transport system and maximal oxygen uptake
Mitchell, J. H., & Saltin, B. (2003) · doi:10.1016/b978-019512527-6.50007-6 · Cited by 26
Current strategies of blood doping detection
Pottgießer, T., & Schumacher, Y. O. (2013) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-013-7270-x · Cited by 24
“In the following decades, this topic was further developed with additional investigations that showed a beneficial effect of increased red cell volume on endurance performance [5–7].”
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The canine spleen in oxygen transport: gas exchange and hemodynamic responses to splenectomy
Hsia, C. C. W., Johnson, R. L., Dane, D. M., et al. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00281.2007 · Cited by 24
“in maximal O2 uptake (9) as well as improvement in endurance, lactate threshold, and heat tolerance (35).”
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The Significance of 2, 3–DPG in Red Blood Cell Transfusions
Sohmer, P. R., Dawson, R. B., & Huggins, C. (1979) · CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.3109/10408367909105855 · Cited by 24
The response of runners to arduous triathlon competition
Rogers, G. G., Goodman, C., Mitchell, D. W., et al. (1986) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00422741 · Cited by 24
Cancer Therapy and Exercise Intolerance: The Heart Is But a Part
Dillon, H. T., Foulkes, S., Baik, A. H., Scott, J. M., Touyz, R. M., Herrmann, J., Haykowsky, M. J., Gerche, A. L., & Howden, E. J. (2024) · JACC CardioOncology · doi:10.1016/j.jaccao.2024.04.006 · Cited by 32
Spirulina supplementation improves oxygen uptake in arm cycling exercise
Gurney, T., & Spendiff, O. (2020) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04487-2 · Cited by 25
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Hemodynamic Effects Of Oral Contraceptives During Exercise
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Detection methods for autologous blood doping
Segura, J., Monfort, N., & Ventura, R. (2012) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.405 · Cited by 22
“After the pioneering work [14] where physical performance was clearly directly related to Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) in subjects submitted to blood loss and re-infusion, the practical benefit of blood transfusion in several sport disciplines was rapidly recognized.”
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Within-Subject Variation in Hemoglobin Mass in Elite Athletes
Eastwood, A., Sharpe, K., Bourdon, P. C., et al. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318238ea7f · Cited by 22
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“It is well documented that the heart´s pumping capacity is a significant limiting factor for exercise capacity and V̇O2max during whole body exercise (Åstrand et al., 1964; Ekblom et al., 1972).”
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Association between preoperative haemoglobin concentration and cardiopulmonary exercise variables: a multicentre study
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“Increases in [Hb] increase _ VO2 peak, whilst acute reductions in [Hb] lower _ VO2 peak and endurance performance [19-21].”
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Increased maximal oxygen uptake after sprint‐interval training is mediated by central haemodynamic factors as determined by right heart catheterization
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“…expansion, acutely or following TET interventions, have demonstrated strong causal relationships between the manipulated BV and VO2max (Balke et al., 1954; Bonne et al., 2014; Celsing et al., 1987; Ekblom et al., 1972; Krip et al., 1997; Montero, Cathomen et al., 2015; Skattebo et al., 2021).”
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Effect of plasma donation and blood donation on aerobic and anaerobic responses in exhaustive, severe-intensity exercise
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Experimental reduction of haematocrit affects reproductive performance in European starlings
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“Furthermore, this spurs future research to explore plausible regulatory mechanisms that may explain how contrasting exercise modalities such as TET and SIT may lead to similar improvements in central hemodynamic factors despite the large differences in exercise stimuli.”
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Authors: Ekblom, B., Goldbarg, A. N., & Gullbring, B.
ORCID: Ekblom, B
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 1972-08
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Pages: 175-180
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1972.33.2.175
OpenAlex: W2144408971
Cited by: 346
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 6.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood transfusion and management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
Keywords: exercise response, blood loss, blood reinfusion, blood transfusion, exercise physiology
MeSH terms: Adult, Blood Transfusion, Physical Exertion, Heart Rate, Hemoglobins, Humans, Lactates, Male, Motor Activity, Oxygen Consumption, Respiration, Spirometry, Time Factors

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