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Response to exercise after blood loss and reinfusion
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“The experiments of Ekblom et al. (124) in 1972 (Fig. 4) demonstrated strong linear relationships between changes in hemoglobin [due to withdrawal or retransfusion of 1, 2 or 3 U (400 mL) of blood] and aerobic capacity, established by repeated testing of maximal exercise-induced oxygen consumption before and after each procedure (124).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [124]
In the citing paper
“An 11% increase in circulating hemoglobin translates to a 10% difference in maximal oxygen transfer (124), which may account for virtually all the 12% sex difference in male and female circulating hemoglobin (125).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [124]
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Levine, B. D., & Stray‐Gundersen, J. (1997) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1997.83.1.102 · Cited by 722
“However, probably the most important adaptation that would improve sea-level performance is an increase in red blood cell mass (43), which increases the oxygencarrying capacity of the blood and improves aerobic power (9, 16, 20).”
BackgroundErythropoietin: Physiology and Pharmacology Update
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Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance
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“…be true as V̇O2,max is easily altered by manipulations that increase ((Ekblom et al. 1972; Buick et al. 1980; Ekblom & Berglund, 1991) or decrease (Ekblom et al. 1972; Jilka et al. 1988; Pawelczyk et al. 1992; Levine et al. 1996) peripheral oxygen delivery without altering arterial PO2 ; and the…”
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“…the clearest link to improved sea-level performance is an increase in hemoglobin and hematocrit, which increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and improves aerobic power (Ekblom et al., 1972; Buick et al., 1980; Williams et al., 1981; Ekblom and Berglund, 1991; Birkeland et al., 2000).”
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“One obvious possibility is that sleep loss might alter 1)o2 max: reduced 1)o2 max radically reduces the ability to perform prolonged heavy exercise (Ekblom et al. 1972).”
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“This value is similar to that observed in previous studies working with the reinfusion of RBC (5-7, 13).”
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“This increase in arterial oxygen content leads to an increase in maximal oxygen uptake in well-trained athletes (9,10,19).”
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“Ekblom et al. (1972), on the other hand, showed a 9 and 23% increase of V̇O2max and endurance time, respectively, after increasing hemoglobin by 13% by re-infusion of 800–1200 ml of the subjects’ own blood that was withdrawn 4 weeks before the experiment.”
InfluentialNutritional status and physical work capacity
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“VBlood and related measures have featured, in studies of relationships between exercise and aging (24), changes in VBlood, VPlasma, and VRBC with bed rest (90, 104, 108) and spaceflight (1), and, among chronic exercisers (136), changes in cardiac function with training-induced hypervolemia (134) and body fluid redistr…”
Human llamas: adaptation to altitude in subjects with high hemoglobin oxygen affinity.
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BackgroundIntermittent Hypoxia Improves Endurance Performance and Submaximal Exercise Efficiency
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“The most important adaptation to hypoxia or altitude that would improve sea-level performance is an increase in RBC count, which increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood and improves aerobic power (Ekblom et al., 1972; Buick et al., 1980).”
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“These effects of arterial O 2 desatura tion on V̇O2max (at sea level) rival those normally achieved by exposure to moderately high altitudes of 8000–10,000 feet in normal untrained subjects (5,18) and by moderate levels of anemia and loss of blood volume (7,8).”
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Acute hypervolemia, cardiac performance, and aerobic power during exercise
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Self-citationIron Status and Sports Performance
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“As previously stated, increasing RBC elevates the capacity of the body to deliver oxygen to the exercising muscles and increases aerobic performance.(112,113) Key to this improvement is the increase in the total Hb mass rather than [Hb] or Hct, although these tend to increase alongside the increase in Hb mass.”
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“Conversely, when the CaO2 is reduced by isovolemic hemodilution (14, 22), hypoxia (5), or carbon monoxide administration (15), peak O2 uptake (V̇O2 peak) is lower.”
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Behavioral Alterations in Iron Deficiency
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“Although an improved physical performance by blood transfusion was already demonstrated in the early 70’s (Ekblom et al. , 1972) with known consequences on several indirect hematological parameters (Berglund et al. , 1987), autologous transfusion has remained undetectable so far.”
Induced hypervolemia, cardiac function, &OV0312;O2max, and performance of elite cyclists
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“First, a higher blood [Hb] at altitude may result in an improvement in endurance capacity (Ekblom et al. 1972; Woodson et al. 1978; Horstman et al. 1980).”
Anemia: A problem or an opportunity in radiotherapy?
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“Given the close relationship between plasma volume and maximal V̇O2 (15, 16, 29, 36), it is not surprising that V̇O2-85W and V̇O2 peak during SF and BR, respectively, declined rapidly and to a large degree.”
BackgroundNutritional Considerations for Performance in Young Athletes
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“Iron-deficient anemia has significant, negative implications on performance in adults [121, 122] and youth [123–125].”
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“Accordingly, an improvement in V̇O2max and endurance performance (longer exercise time at a given workload, greater mean power output or speed during a time trial) with this intervention has been a general finding (47,102,439,455).”
Iron, Zinc and Magnesium Nutrition and Athletic Performance
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“Early work by Ekblom and colleagues [14] demonstrated, in four participants, that a 13% reduction in [Hb] (by venesection of 800 mL of blood) lowered _ VO2max by 10% (from 4.”
BackgroundExertional Fatigue in Patients With CKD
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“Such a cardiac output increase, combined with blood flow redistribution(29) and biochemical changes,(29,51,52) maintains oxygen delivery sufficiently so that aerobic glycolysis is sustained and exertional effort (RPE) remains largely normal, at least during submaximal exercise intensities as observed during activities…”
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BackgroundSelf-citationHemoglobin Concentration and Exercise Capacity
Woodson, R. D. (1984) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/arrd.1984.129.2p2.s72 · Cited by 70
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier preserves submaximal exercise capacity in humans*
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Drugs???for???Increasing???Oxygen???Transport and Their Potential Use in Doping1
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“Thus, when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is increased in elite athletes, either by acute red blood cell infusion (5, 10, 37) or by chronic administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (3, 4), V̇O2 max increases.”
BackgroundMethodMuscle oxygen uptake in humans at onset of and during intense exercise
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“…athletes (and also in normal humans), aerobic power and time trial performance correlate well with the individuals’ normal haemoglobin mass (Figure 2C and E), but not with Htc (Figure 2D and F), whereas increases in either value will increase performance (Ekblom et al., 1972; 1976) (Figure 1).”
BackgroundInfluentialOptimal hematocrit for canine skeletal muscle during rhythmic isotonic exercise
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“Because blood transfusion increases red blood cells (RBCs), it significantly improves physical performance [1].”
BackgroundPhysiological Adaptation to Physical Conditioning
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Recombinant Erythropoietin to Improve Athletic Performance
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Proscribed drugs at the Olympic Games: permitted use and misuse (doping) by athletes
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Blood Transfusion and Athletics
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“…haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and therefore the potential for convective O2 transport to muscle either through the (re)infusion of erythrocytes (Ekblom et al. 1972, 1976; Spriet et al. 1986) or through the administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (RhEPO; Ekblom & Berglund, 1991;…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Impact of Recombinant Human Erythropoeitin on Exercise Capacity in Hemodialysis Patients
Painter, P., & Moore, G. E. (1994) · Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy · doi:10.1016/s1073-4449(12)80022-7 · Cited by 48
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Ekblom, B., Goldbarg, A. N., & Gullbring, B.
- ORCID
- Ekblom, B
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1972-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-180
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2144408971
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Blood transfusion and management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
- Keywords
- exercise response, blood loss, blood reinfusion, blood transfusion, exercise physiology
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Transfusion, Physical Exertion, Heart Rate, Hemoglobins, Humans, Lactates, Male, Motor Activity, Oxygen Consumption, Respiration, Spirometry, Time Factors
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