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Effects of menstrual cycle on blood lactate, O2 delivery, and performance during exercise
Abstract
The effects of the menstrual cycle on cardiorespiratory variables, blood lactate, and performance were studied in exercising females. Nine healthy subjects, 20--24 yr of age, were investigated in midfollicular and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle at 33, 66, and 90% of maximum power output (light, heavy, and exhaustive exercise). Occurrence of ovulation was confirmed in all subjects by measurement of progesterone, which increased from 0.6 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE) in the follicular to 8.9 +/- 2.2 ng/ml in the luteal phase. There was no difference in heart rate (HR), ventilation, O2 uptake, or CO2 output between the two phases during light and heavy exercise, and there was no difference in HR at exhaustion. Cardiac output measured midway through light and heavy exercise periods was not affected by the phase of testing. Time for which exhaustive exercise could be maintained increased from 1.57 +/- 0.32 in the follicular to 2.97 +/- 0.63 min in the luteal phase (P less than 0.02). Blood lactate was higher in the follicular phase after heavy exercise (6.62 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.92 +/- 0.5 mmol/l) (P less than 0.05) and at exhaustion (8.12 +/- 0.9 vs. 6.76 +/- 0.6 mmol/L) (P less than 0.01). A further study showed no effect of cycle phase on lactate disappearance during exercise. We conclude that while aerobic performance and the cardiorespiratory adaptations to exercise are not influenced by the phase of the menstrual cycle, performance of high-intensity exercise is improved, and lactate production appears to be decreased in the luteal phase when estradiol and progesterone levels are elevated.
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“the previously published works had limitations in procedures that weakened the implications of the findings. Namely, the lack of dietary control prior to their experiments and allowing hormonal concentrations to be manipulated only by endogenous fluctuation (i.e., conducting experiments at different points in the menstrual cycle).”
From The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Substrate Oxidation during Prolonged Submaximal Exercise in Women. (2000) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“Others have found similar results [4, 5, 14]; however, the previously published works had limitations in procedures that weakened the implications of the findings.”
From The Effect of Sex Steroid Hormones on Substrate Oxidation during Prolonged Submaximal Exercise in Women. (2000) · cites this paper as [14]
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Items 201–210 of 210
Menstrual Cycle Phase-Based Interval Training Yields Distinct Muscle Changes in Female AthletesPreprint
Kissow, J., Jacobsen, K. J., Jessen, S., Thomsen, L. B., Quesada, J. P., Bangsbo, J., Deshmukh, A. S., & Hostrup, M. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.10.28.24316287
“…incremental test, since previous studies on moderately trained and trained females have shown that V̇O 2max and iPPO were unchanged throughout the menstrual cycle (Casazza et al., 2002; Dean et al., 2003; Goldsmith & Glaister, 2020; Gordon et al., 2018; Jurkowski et al., 1981; Smekal et al., 2007).”
ResultOlenick, A., Pearson, R. C., & Jenkins, N. T. (2025) · Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0112
James, K. R., Cannon, J., & Marino, F. E. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70083
“Although these studies, but not all (Hall Jurkowski et al. 1981), show that exercise tolerance ranging from 70% to 90% of V O 2max is not altered during the menstrual cycle, a shift toward increased cardiovascular and thermoregulatory strain was evident during the mid‐luteal phase of the trial.”
Bartlett, M. F. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/gma3-kv20
Baker, P. A., Ladan, A. N., Joniak, K. E., Moore, S. R., Britton, M. E., Cantu, E. I., Jenkins, N. D. M., & Smith‐Ryan, A. E. (2026) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0397 · Cited by 1
Beneke, R., Lorch, T., & Leithäuser, R. M. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01792-9
Menstrual cycle and athletic performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
SILVA, A. B. D. A., de Assis, G. G., Ribeiro, T. D., Peralta, M., Marques, A., Trybulski, R., Grzywacz, T., Sawicki, P., & Gonçalves, C. (2026) · Human Movement · doi:10.5114/hm/216984
The Effect of Estradiol on Insulin Concentration in Response to an Acute Bout of Exercise
Lehman, C. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/q2yb-4915
Phelps, S. J. (2006) · University Libraries (University of Maryland)
Metadata
- Authors
- Jurkowski, J. E., Jones, N. L., Toews, C. J., & Sutton, J. R.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1981-12-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1493-1499
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2102100916
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, blood lactate, oxygen delivery, exercise performance, luteal phase, follicular phase, progesterone, estradiol, high-intensity exercise, exhaustive exercise, cardiac output, heart rate, ventilation, oxygen absorption, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carbon Dioxide, Cardiac Output, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Lactates, Menstruation, Ovulation, Oxygen Consumption, Progesterone, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Stroke Volume, Lactic Acid
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